THE AIMERS EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND VOTING POWERS Polity : Union & its Territory Offline & Online Guidance Program

 THE AIMERS

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND VOTING POWERS

last stop each other

Republic okay

thank you good afternoon

in last day topics sovereignty uh what else socialism

secularism democracy and uh Republic

[Music] social and economic democracy means you

need to ensure kind of largely equality and all those things in the social and economic aspect social economic like

let's say political aspects means what about your voting about your contesting election about participating in

governance criticizing the government getting the work done from the government accessing government services

political political aspects social aspect means what for example in society

there should no be there should not be any kind of discrimination based on your primordial identities religious

discrimination or Constable gender-based class based all those things are social discrimination or social aspects if you

have kind of equality there that means okay you have social what do you call as this democracy or look at economic

economics there should be no economic based discrimination means class Rich poor discrimination and economic

inequalities should not be very very high yes understandable that in any society you cannot have every individual

to be equal that is in no Society it can happen not just here another thousand years down the line another ten thousand

years down the line also in no Society everybody will be equal economically I'm telling economically means you

understand right everybody we should own same land same property whoa it'll never

happen but at least you should ensure equality of opportunities or discrimination should not be there

that you have to ensure that's what you called as social economic democracy that's what whatever you were given for

example we still don't have the quality of MPS I mean leaders we still have the problem of nutrition we still have

income inequalities actually it has increased a lot Regional imbalance those are all what do you call it as social

economic democracy is yet to be achieved clear economic aspect social model is

the same concept we'll study under equality also broadly the same but before that let's understand another topic called as

Liberty Liberty broadly in polity can also take it as what

broadly you can also take it as Freedom so any idea what do you mean by Liberty

in India evidence of constraints find any correct

fine that is one simple definition correct then for example actually what you have to

see is on Liberty actually they give lot of questions May

Liberty we can divide it into two first

negative Liberty freedom from

foreign Liberty freedom 2. so these are the two

broader aspects So when you say negative Liberty freedom from what does that mean in simple verse as he also pointed out

there should be no restrictions on your personal aspects for example government

should not tell you what religion you have to follow or what dress you have to wear what food you have to eat what so

many things are there what profession you have to do what opinion you should have what ideology should support which party you should support those things

are number which song you have to know those things are not left to the government to decide so then what do you

mean by that the negative Liberty means negative doesn't mean bad again I'm telling you in polity please don't

negative please don't take negative and positive as good and bad negative means what should not be there or what

yeah negative means what should not be there take it like that so freedom from you should have freedom from the

external restriction so this is an external concept others should not put pressure on you to determine all these

things that's why negative Liberty includes so many aspects as I said right from your freedom of speech and

expression to religion to you know whatever addressing this that everything you include was about a negative Liberty

freedom from the external restrictions clear so then what do you mean by

positive Liberty freedom 2 so what do you mean by Freedom 2 then

Freedom 2 means you should have the opportunity to realize your ultimate potential goals and to what you call as

this ultimate personality development whatever you call that as that is called as Freedom too sir what do you mean by

that very simple one let's say for example I I normally keep giving this is a kind of ncert example also let us

assume there is a son of a manual scavenger manual scavenger you might have a manual scavenger you know right

my name is those who physically goes with the hands and and clears all those things let us say there is a son of him

when is there any restriction on him to clear this exam like civil service exam and become IAS or to make a startup and

then become like a mani adani or whatever such a man Salman so many people are is there any restriction on is there anybody telling him not to

become that nobody is the Constitution telling that you should not become IAS you should not become IPS you should not become CM PM

is anybody telling it that is not that means what he has he has negative Liberty because nobody

is putting restriction on you nobody is putting restriction on you but in reality you ask the question what is

the chances of him if he is born in such a situation clearing this exam one person I mean one note of thousand that

you don't tell me that exceptions like I said so great exam that is different I'm telling you average chances

chances obviously every one of us know what is the chance that means even though he has no

restrictions from anybody else government is not putting restriction on you Society is not putting restriction on you you are unable to realize your

potential reason you will not get access to that level of quality education that

level of Quality Health Care that level of skill that level of exposure contacts finances anything you tell or because

all those things also will matter in addition to so many other aspects and obviously you think in general

so that is called as what positive Liberty Freedom 2 that means freedom to achieve your goals freedom to realize

your potential freedom to fulfill your goals and aspirations so that is called as positive Liberty

largely we have negative Liberty positive Liberty is yet to be achieved

we have of course we have improved a lot so many things no doubt about it we still have to achieve positive Liberty

because in India quality education Quality Health Care this is that everything is not available to all which

is common thing I don't have to again tell so hence we should focus on positive Liberty aspects

um yes yes when you study correct when you

study in optional aspects there is differences but in quality aspects more or less broadly the same actually Liberty is

more broader one so freedom is a part of it where you have referring to that kind

of restriction that kind of heaven but in general quality wise so you have to take it as broadly the same

so got it so when they say in upsc they keep asking every year they have I mean alternators they have asked this

question still they'll ask what is the simplest definition of Liberty simplest definition means you have to choose

negative Liberties are simplest absence of restraints but what is the most appropriate definition of Liberty they

ask the most appropriate definition of Liberty is what this is the real meaning real intention of Liberty to empower you

so that you go and achieve your goals got it so this is the real meaning of

Liberty got abroad area now huh

no no not like that that will come to that so this is the basic meaning

clear this is basic meaning now there's another statement which says

like any fundamental rights we'll also study it in your fundamental rights

so this is the statement

so what is it so read the statement you will only easily understand it is not absolute it is qualified in nature it

means what they can also put it it is subjected to reasonable restrictions

what do you mean by that very simple again this will come back in your fundamental rights also take freedom of speech on expression fine so negative

Liberty means what nobody should restrict your freedom of speech and expression you should be able to tell what you feel it can be through your

writings articles movies paintings or what you call as this YouTube channels

is anything you call it as freedom of speech that is a common one but can you

can you give hate speech saying that I also have freedom of speech and expression obviously they can't allow you according

to ncrb the government of India's official record National criminal crime records Bureau 2022 there is 500 percent

increase in criminal hate speeches in the last five years 500 percent

imagine the impact then why all those things you ask yourself 500 increase is there

that means five times it has increased to that level it is so that means what then what you have to do

what you should do you have to put certain restrictions for example in Freedom us we'll again discuss in your

fundamental rights it is subjected to restrictions based on the grounds of public order that means if you try to do

something with research public order what they do your freedom of speech and expression restricted

let's say you try to disturb communal Harmony restricted you try to unnecessarily defame others defame means

without any proof you are telling that this person is corrupt this person did a murder you have to have some kind of

evidence or proof you just keep on you can't claim just like that because in society reputation also matters that

will fall under defamation that may also restrict your speech on expression clear so that I think you got an idea

that is what you call it as it is oh dear

it is not restricted sorry it is not absolute it is subjected to reasonable

that's why look at the word reasonable restriction means god unnecessary restrictions governments

cannot put on you there should be some reason Beyond it there should be some logic there should be it should be done

for some purpose so but who will determine what is reasonable what is unreasonable sir every government will

tell this is reasonable only that's why government will not determine it codes will determine what is reasonable what

is non-reasonable or unreasonable restriction if courts feel this restriction is too

much this is violating your speech on expression they will take it out they will tell no your freedom is must your freedom

fundamental rights is first but that is let let's keep that all the

discussion for your fundamental rights chapter there you will have so much of in details so got it this is one basic

idea then another within itself extended to this there's this 2018 upsc statement

I'll tell you I'll write the statement you please try to tell them what meaning uh

try to interpret and tell me the meaning

make sure that someone else will take availability of others okay fine okay just a little explanation

extrapolate matlabs give kind of an example

um

there's the statement should be if there is not there should be Liberty but it is not the stepped end

the contribution is not going to increase this it's like a convention over there

fine but look at this if there are no laws there is no Liberty I'm telling

in UK doesn't mean there is no law that's a different one there is no return Constitution doesn't mean you

don't have loss so don't take it like that huh

correct so it is more or less what is that's what I'm trying to ask the same example this is actually linked to

this whatever the example I gave you for example you have you are given from a

speech and expression it's your Liberty it's your freedom let's say you you misuse it to such an extent that you are

just keep on using whatever you want you are trying to say that means will it not lead to some kind of Riot or something it may lead to

criminal right if it leads to communal rights some other persons some other person may get affected he may be get

beaten maybe who knows some kind of in you may die also a lot of criminal rights has led to a lot of deaths now

are you not affecting another person's Liberty then hate speech what you say as your Liberty

has led to which one communal right communal rate led to violation of someone else's Liberty that means

hence you should always put loss loss means take it as

what yeah replace it by the word if there are no reasonable restrictions then what

will get affected others Liberties get affected that's the reason remember the way you

can look various statements like let's say for example Gandhi's Gandhi's very famous statement is there that freedom comes with responsibility

you can't just enjoy from just like that you also have to use it responsibly it's like that or there is very famous

statement of Voltaire he's a very famous French thinker he says your Liberty stops at my nose means you do whatever

you want to what body should not do don't get into my personal life don't try to affect me one another way you

rest you take it your time it's your wish same same rule applies for me also might Liberty should not enter your

house your nose means your nose means you understand right I should not enter into your personal life that's your wish

that's my wish if there are no reasonable restrictions

or loss there is no Liberty so this is a upsc question ncrt may just

directly pick and paste 2018 fine there's another one this says this

here there were two questions one two question even here there is a question

even here there is a upsc question no there's last one left out in whatever has been explained in where there is UPS

are still not asked question you never know maybe they may ask this trend claims also but we need to discuss it which is

called as what

harm principle it is given by a very famous scholar called as

JS Mill John Stuart Mill he was a UK that is British caller now he has classified into two types

what is it minor harm major harm look at the word itself minor harm Miner hum means what

then that means this is a principle given by John Stewart Mill to decide when to put

restrictions on which activity okay if you told that yes sir they should be reasonable restrictions but how do you

decide when to put the reasonable restriction on what activities will you put will you leave it to government if you leave it

to government government will restrict every criticism who will decide how will you decide on what basis

there should be some parameter right okay here you put restriction here it is not necessary for that he has given a principle called

as harm So based on the harm you can identify can you put the restriction or not minor means that as the name it says

yes it is not having an impact on others life liberty security or property

it is not affecting others which what life or property or security very simple example taking from ncert itself exactly

same example what they say is let us say for example if you're laying in an apartment and your neighbors are playing huge

sound means kind of party sound whatever you call that as fine so huge sounds are coming now are you getting Disturbed

here yes yes you're getting Disturbed but what you have to ask yourself is there a

threat to your life or Liberty or property there is no threat there is no threat

inward hence what he says is if there is no threats involved there is no need of

punishment there is no need of law or punishment to

tackle that sir then how to tackle it then you have to just take it care take care of it

through this is the exact wording also used

how do I have to take it social disappear all social disapproval means what go criticize them talk to

them that itself will bring a balance fine so that is called it as minor harm because the what is the parameter is

there a threat to others Life Property Liberty then extend the same one so they drank

so many whatever alcohol whatever you take it as alcohol or drugs whatever it is then they took a car

now the events having drink and drive kind of even now is there a chances of

creating major harm or not no of course yes because anything can

happen you never know you are on drugs you are on drinks now then what is the chances of threat to others life or

Liberty then very high hence what happens what they say is here there is need of law or

punishment there is a need of law or punishment

that is called as major because it's a major harm getting the point what do you mean by minor and major that is what harm

principle given by John Stuart Mill minor harm major harm when do you have to decide

clear so this is a very important concept related to Liberty then there is

mostly this is this is what is been given by upsc related to Liberty one then of course this is all you have to

extend it and take it to what we call it as uh uh fundamental rise and all those that

will do it later clear yeah so please write this

Liberty so first point tell which country have you borrowed it from borrowed from France

borrowed from France

so then you put there are two types of Liberty Ginger was first copied

there are two types of Liberty

first one is negative Liberty freedom from

negative Liberty freedom from

so what do you mean by that it is the simplest definition of Liberty so if the statement says in upsc

simplest definition of Liberty choose negative it is a simplest definition of Liberty

it is the simplest definition of Liberty

simplest definition of Liberty so how can you define it it refers to absence

of external restraints restrictions it refers to

absence of it refers to absence of external

restrictions or restraints absence of external restrictions

absence of the external restrictions fine broadly it includes

broadly it includes freedom of speech and expression

broadly it includes freedom of speech and expression

freedom of speech and expression freedom of religion

freedom of religion fine freedom to participate in

governance Etc so so many believe Faith worship everything you can write I have already mentioned in the beginning

Constitution mentions Preamble mentions five key words thought expression freedom of thought expression faith

belief worship so all those things negative Liberty then below that you write positive Liberty Freedom too

positive Liberty Freedom too

freedom to achieve something that is so how can you define that it refers to

the freedom to it refers to the ability of

an individual it refers to

the ability of the individual it refers to the ability of the

individual to realize one's potential goal dreams

ability of an individual to realize one's potential or goals

one's potential or goes it tries to it tries to

develop the personality of an individual which one positive Liberty

he tries to develop the personality of an individual

tries to develop the personality of an individual

personality of an individual clear what does it depend on then it depends on that means positive Liberty depends on

it depends on it depends on access to Opportunities or

equality of opportunities it depends on access to opportunities

quality education access to Opportunities quality

Education Health Care Etc

access to opportunities quality Education Health Care Etc

yeah so that is what you call it as positive Liberty and what is this as we

have already told upsc when it gives appropriate this is the most appropriation bracket just to clarify that in margin this is the most

appropriate definition or intention of Liberty this is the most appropriate

definition or purpose intention of Liberty this is the most appropriate

definition or purpose intention of Liberty

fine then write this statement just copy it just like that

foreign

then if this is done the next one

replace the word lost by reasonable restriction and then we'll write an example first

copy this statement

foreign so give an example for example

freedom of speech and expression may be misused for example freedom of speech and

expression freedom of speech on expression may be

misused freedom of speech and expression may be misused

may be misused as hate speech

freedom of speech and expression may be misused as hate speech

hate speech so what this may lead to which may lead to public order that is

disturbance in public order may be misused as hate speech which may

lead to disturbance in may lead to disturbance in public order

and thereby communal riots

and thereby criminal rights and what it might lead to finally

this affects others life or Liberty this affects

this will affect others life or Liberty

this affects others life or Liberty that means hence others Liberty is affected them

clear if you want to write in margin write that statement as said by Gandhi

Freedom comes with responsibility

as said by Gandhi

Freedom comes with responsibility

Freedom comes with responsibility well then you put this heading and copy

it first you write harm principle John Stewart Mill

foreign principal under that first one minor

harm so what do you how do you define minor huh

so first of all what do you mean by Mana Ram those actions which will not affect which will not have a threat to

those actions those activities which will not affect

those actions which will not affect the life or Liberty secure anything you can

write which will not affect the life or Liberty of other individuals

those actions which will not affect the life or Liberty

which will not have the life or Liberty of others fine then how like this

there is no need of Allah or punishment for this what is enough social disapproval is enough

reverse it [Music] it's already defend it then

those activities which will affect the life and Liberty of others on them write the point

you have to put penalties restrictions whatever you call them as

those actions which will affect the life and Liberty of others

so this is a very famous one because time and again upsc asked questions on Liberty negative positive reasonable

restrictions this is that one or other way they'll ask

No Doubt

fine okay that is one

now let's go to the other one after Liberty then need off

nor punishment

now next one for the adding equality

so there are different types first we'll write equality

under that first one it can be divided into it can be divided into

it can be divided into three types again first one is you can call it as Civic or

social equality largely it means the same

it can be divided into three types first one is Civic or social equality

that means what should not be there then negatively you define clarify that what do you mean by that it refers to absence

of it refers to absence of discrimination

it refers to the absence of discrimination absence of discrimination based on

based on social identities like

absence of discrimination based on social identities like say religion caste gender

language Etc absence of discrimination based on

social identities like religion caste gender Etc

for example article 14 to article 18 of fundamental

rights for example article 14 to article 18 of fundamental rights

article 14 to article 18 of fundamental rights ensures Civic equality we'll discuss that of

course it's a funny big chapter very big chapter fundamental rights there we'll discuss all these things

article 14 article 18 of fundamental rights part 3 ensures Civic equality

fine so that's where you get equality before law you might have heard terms like equal protection of law prohibition of discrimination equality of

opportunity in public employment abolition of untouchability so many things are there basically those are all your Civic social equality then comes

political equality second one which is more or less similar to what yesterday we discussed as political

democracy

political equality so what do you mean by that it includes

it includes Provisions like so what did we discuss under your what do you call as this

political democracy yesterday what all did I tell you correct so before that Universal

right towards those things it includes political aspects like right to vote or you can mention it as universal adult

franchise it includes Provisions like Universal adult franchise

right to contest elections Universal adult franchise right to

contest election right to contest election a right to take part in government activities means

to get access to which whatever Education Health Care any kind of other services all those things

Universal adult franchise right to contest the elections and right to get access to the government service or take

part in the government activities anything you call it as those are all part of your political equality

clear then comes your economic equality which is more or less again we have told

you yesterday itself economic equality

economic equality

so what does that mean it refers to it refers to absence of discrimination

based on absence of discrimination based on

economic criteria or economic grounds like it refers the absence of

discrimination based on economic grounds as thems of discrimination based on

economic growths like class status

based on class status

fine that is called as economic equality clear now within that it's not so easy

because the subdivisions also within that for example let's say have you heard concept like

foreign

equality of outcomes fine any idea what do you mean by equality I think I gave you a brief also

maybe or I'm not sure what do you mean by equality of opportunity then everybody keeps telling everybody should

get access to equal opportunity what do you mean by equal opportunities or what is the concept called as equality of

opportunity then yeah correct correct theoretical but

some practical you tell like sir this is what it is

okay fine clear so okay that's what I am telling for example equality of opportunity in job sir what do you mean

by that every every you just conduct an exam let everybody contest and whoever

gets into the top give them the top position this looks good very good same you apply to

politics also so what do you mean by equality of opportunity in politics then conducting election

let anybody contest ultimately it's democracy so whoever people chooses they'll go to the top correct this is

equality of opportunity now reverse the point for example for women you take is

there any provision of course just now we have told Universal adult scientists what is that in simple words mean

does the Constitution say that women should not contest election or does the Constitution say that women should not vote in nothing but at present even

yesterday I think I might have given you fact how many women MPS are there in Lok Sabha one for 14 percent now if there is

so much of equality of opportunity for women why are they if on an average if we take India's

population around let's say 50 50. if 50 are women why do you have only 14 MPS then

getting the point if you have 50 population of women in general as overall if you take it you'll be 49

increase in nfhss actually if you take all because women live longer life according to biologically they have a

strength of living longer lives actually it is 51 or 52 according to nfhs National family health fair enough you

live there all those things let's say ticket is 50 50 why do you have only one four percent then

social acceptance and resources to fight elections okay fine so he's telling us a social acceptance

maybe the patriarchy angle or normally Indian traditional Society may not accept women as their leaders or because

elections is so competitive you have to come marinate so many things money people this that everything it's not so

easy for women to come and participate to such an extent maybe women don't have access to that level of resources

properties whatever so many things are there correct then how are you in shower how do you say that there is equality of

opportunity then getting so that's why that's where comes

a concept called as equality of outcomes so in simple words when you say equality of opportunity your focus is on where

means path creating a Level Playing Field for all it is very very easy to

tell for example we can tell easily why do you have to give reservation give everybody equal education give every let

everybody get the how do you give good or quality education for if that was so easy

there need not be all these problems how can you give quality Education First of all defining quality education is

subjective to how do you give quality education for let's say for example as a huge business he will sell the whatever

which is very famous School in the latest it is resistance in Delhi Public School only okay let's say will everybody go to

Delhi Public School I mean you think logically can you have every can every parent send

their children to the Lee Public School yes sir yes sir you can tell practically

you tell theoretically it's that's a different issue so if that is the case then how do you

ensure quality Education Health Care for all then it is impossible in practice and Society

you are assuming that Society is inherently equal Society in general is not inherently

equal depending on which family are you born in which area are you born in which gender are you born in which cast are

you born in so many plus and minus you get what positives and challenges whatever you call that as

normally Democratic societies focus on what equality of outcome outcome means

what here the focus is on result not on the means now let's say

here we get the example of women now let's take the same one you take 73rd Amendment 74th amendment in simple words

panchayats and municipalities what they have done minimum one third of the seeds for whom

women now irrespective of it what will happen here

minimum one third you have there is no other option you have to get human so that means what is insured

result is insured but even here there comes a question sir what if they are not quality waste then

you focus on their quality agreed but or else what will happen if you only focus here this will not get insured

that is the reason mostly we focus on result and whatever we keep telling it

as technically aspects like reservations we tell right reservation

in jobs everything broadly there is a word for it called as affirmative action

or

or they also call it as

so all of them is based on the idea of equality of outcome affirmative action

what do you mean by affirm actually affirm means something you say very strongly positively so that is means the

positive measures taken by the government to improve the lives of the marginalized vulnerable whatever you

call them as poor women children minorities racist whatever you call the mess that measures is what you call as

affirmative action yes it is also a kind of discrimination but remember by the definition of

discrimination you should focus on the what do you call as the what do you call as this intention in general when you

say discrimination what is the intention here the intention is to exclude someone demean someone but here it is not

something to demean or someone what is it the intention is to improve the lives of someone that is why it is called as what

not negative discrimination positive discrimination measures taken to bring a positive impact on someone's

life it is also called as yes you're treating someone differently there's a way like let's say when you

give reservation for women in panchayas or OBC reservation in jobs AC reservation in jobs you're treating

differently we're not saying no but the intention is to ensure results and the entire Constitution or

any Democratic Society is not based on the idea of equality because in general equality is very difficult to ensure you

can't treat everybody equally because Society itself is inherently unequal then what is the idea

Equity Equity means you should treat the individual based on their needs based on

their weakness based on their challenge understanding for example is there wherein you know accessible

India campaign or you go to any Metro stations I I have not observed in the limit or so easily but if you have

observed them you may have ramps in so many Railway stations also you have ramps for physically challenged will you call it as discrimination

obviously it's not because what are you trying to ensure them Equity because we know there is a

challenge for them hence you have to give getting an idea this is called as

equality of opportunity equality of outcome of course yes some issues are misused

some loopholes are there we are not saying no for example this for this there's a very broad Supreme Court service for example the idea of

reservation itself is sometimes issues because the idea of reservation is the benefit should go to the last person the

real needy but sometimes what will happen because of the documents issues whatever so many issues benefits may not go to

the needy person that's why there is a criticism that it may create a class within class

means within actually a UBC reservation a series reservation there already were

benefited they themselves May kept getting the benefits that's why it is criticized as it may create a class

within a class means within the beneficiary section some people only will keep getting the

benefits correct or you look at a CST prohibition of atrocities act that is also misuse

there are a lot of fake cases also under that you take Dory prohibition act even that is also misuse there are a lot of instances wherein by what women have put

fake cases also against there is for example what do you call this Mito that is what you call it as production of

women against sexual harassment at workplace there are fake sexual harassment cases also which are put there is no doubt but Supreme Court also

has clarified the mere misuse of Allah is not a ground for declaring the law as

unconstitutional means what just because let's say out of 100 cases if 15 are fake 20 are fake you can't declare the

law itself as invalid because how is the law declared valid or invalid based on the purpose what is the intention of the

law the intention of the law is not to affect someone what is the intention

to uplift someone hence if there are any misuses what you have to then then look

how you can reduce the misuse you can't look for a reason to declare the laws invalid then the negative impact is very

high then that's the reason next time when you find any Fair cases under a CST act or Dory act or child marriage act or meet

of the production of women Acts or domestic violence acts no doubt of

course there are fake cases it is it's not like something Untold or secret everybody knows that but you can't

declare them as unconstitutional you should look to reform it got an idea that is how the measure

should work this is one kind of there is another one there are two these are all ncrt refreshing itself I'm telling because that's where you get the

conceptual Clarity there are two types of inequality that I didn't they identify one is called as

natural inequality second one is called as social inequality

natural inequality means what let's say for example there's a person with one or other kind

of physical challenge means what may be blind I mean Vision Vision disability may be speech related maybe whatever

hands legs movement anything now obviously what is it then natural inequality because by birth or

some other issues genetic issues you have that inequalities that you can't help but there are so

many inequalities which are what social means Society will come up with it the same inside example itself what

they tell is for example the colonial ruling Powers Colonial Powers the British or whatever so many are there

they used social inequality like what for example in U.S the whites I mean the

normal Americans used to tell the black Americans that because to justify in

slavery what they used to tell was the black Americans are childlike their innocent they don't know how to tackle

themselves they can't rule themselves they should always be maintained by someone controlled by someone only then

they can live a better life was the logic which was put across

the logic was to justify slavery that the black Americans are childlike they

are innocent they can't handle themselves hence we should take care of them hence they should always be a master who can take care of you control

you this is it was projected as what it is projected that by birth you are

like that by Nature blacks are like was projected but what was it actually

because it was you know social means what people I mean the white Masters what you call it as they were doing it

so that they can control the blacks same thing Lord I mean British also did

it in India for example racial superiority is there land caramel is when they created the Civil Service

whatever you are appearing for the concept was created by Lord kormalis when he created in 1780s they

intentionally Indians were kept out and the logic they used was first point Indians are corrupt by Nature

that means by Nature you are like that by birth so you first point you can't be put into Civil Service two he said you

don't have the ability you don't have discipline you can't be put here hence you can't rule yourself who should

rule we should rule you racial Superior by race we are more Strong by race you

are weak we are civilized you are uncivilized so it is our responsibility to take care of you remember they keep

telling a very famous statement called as White Man's Burden

so this real word actually it was not natural social but how did they project it as

natural because if they don't tell it is natural we will not listen to them if

they tell us you have all the potential you rule yourself colonialism stay then

they should tell us you guys don't know to rule yourself you are weak only hence

you should listen to me only if they tell you psychologically tell us we can be ruled

same concept again these are all inside only they also tell the angle of patriarchy that means men have also told

women for centuries that you are much good in domestic work you're good in cooking you're good in whatever you do

you know that the so called care economy taking care of children taking care of parents so you are good in there you

stay there men are good in some other works will take care of that that is also what

projected not necessarily natural fine so these are all various examples

related to Natural inequality and social inequality right from colonialism the slavery one to the patriarchy one is

these aspects okay natural inequality is fair enough you can't help social inequality should not be there

I think broadly got an idea please right

did we write equality of opportunities I think social was a family clear

um

yes yes you can't ensure economic equality means by definition again you

should not take economic inequivities everybody should be equal same land same it's not necessarily that

it means there should not be inequality based on your like let's say you're rich someone is poor that discrimination

should not be there that's called as economic require equality we are not saying everybody should own the same

property or wealth that cannot happen understandable I've already told you that in practice you cannot ensure that

there will always be people I mean people who work hard people who can achieve more people who may not work

hard who may not achieve more that you can help that's society that's reality one got it yeah so please write this first

one providing equality of opportunities

equality of opportunity what do you mean by that here the focus is on means

here the focus is on means our path and what is the intention

the intention is to ensure a Level Playing Field

the intention is to ensure

the intention is to ensure a Level Playing Field for all

the intention is to ensure a Level Playing Field for all

for example for example in political domain

for example in political domain women are given

for example in political domain political provisions women are given the right to vote and

right to contest elections equal to men

women are given in political domain political provision

women are given the right to vote and right to contest elections like that of that is equal to men

but what happens below clarify however Society is inherently unequal

that means one another way you will have differences however Society is

however Society is inherently unequal

Society is inherently unequal hence

it is not easy for women

hence it is not easy for women to get to the political positions

hence it is not easy for women to get to the political positions

not easy for women to access the political positions said the fact for example in 17th Lok Sabha only 14

percent are women 14 MPS are women for example in 17th Lok Sabha

only one for 14 percent MPS are women

in 17th Lok Sabha only if one four percent MPS are women

hence what we need hence we need equality of what

outcome hence we need equality of outcome

then Define here the focus is on what here the focus is on the goal result

here the focus is on the goal or result

here the focus is on the goal or goal or result

fine and give the example for example 73rd Amendment provides

of course 74th also but anyone you can write or two also for example 73rd Amendment provides

minimum one-third reservation for women

73rd Amendment provides minimum one-third reservation for women

reservation for women so obviously what this ensures this hand led to their

political empowerment this has led

to their political empowerment

this has led to their political empowerment

clear if you want in margin you can write the statement itself as said by ambedkar

empowerment is

as said by ambedkar political empowerment is the first step

towards political empowerment is the first step

towards true empowerment

political empowerment is the first step towards

political empowerment is the first step towards true empowerment

of any section any community fine how would you ensure politicality

of outcome then write this

equality of outcome is ensured through

it's all moral is trying to achieve the same

foreign

Ty to through differential treatment and Equity principle

then

two types of inequality

two types of inequality first one is natural inequality so as

the name it says what is it those inequalities which are inherent by birth or derived from nature

those inequalities which are inherent by birth are derived from nature derived by

Nature inherent by birth or

derived from nature fine the best one is that for example

for example challenges faced by challenges faced by

a specially abled person or a physically challenged person

that means a blind or a deaf or a dumb whatever you call it as it is a one or other way of disability

challenges faced by physically disabled or physically

challenged person so that is called as natural inequality then social inequality

social inequality those inequalities which are present in the society

those inequalities which are present in the society based on some

based on some prejudice stereotypes

those inequalities which are based in the society based on which are present in the society based

on some Prejudice that means some mitz will be there always they are like this they are

like this so like that many will be there based on some Prejudice I mean like what for example

for example Colonial Masters Colonial countries

Colonial Masters or Colonial rulers Colonial rulers

had racial superiority Colonial rulers had racial superiority

and wherever they went what is the project they had projected that the locals the natives

they had Colonial superiority or racial superiority and they had projected that the locals do not have the ability to

rule themselves they had projected that the locals do

not have locals do not have the ability

to rule to rule protect anything the ability to rule themselves

and ability to remember obviously why was this done this was

this was a strategy to control the people psychologically control the

people this was a strategy to psychologically control people

strategy to control the people and what is this this was a social inequality projected as well

natural inequality they told that it is natural but actually it was social

this was social inequality projected As Natural inequality I think that's more

than enough for equality I'm just combining ncert topics everything so that you get a broader

idea

so whatever moralist Justice we have discussed Justice the ideal is borrowed from

that means today's Russia only but it is more bigger justice so remember Justice is always

Beyond equality Justice is mostly related to or mostly based on what kind

of values these kind of values clear you mentioned that again

Justice below that it includes three components even in Preamble Dimension three components it includes three

components first one social justice

it includes three components first one is

social justice right of course it includes social equality plus something beyond that so

okay what does that mean clarify that more or less we have discussed it it includes

it includes absence of social inequality what you wrote just now

it includes the absence of social inequalities based on

absence of social inequality based on same religion race caste Etc

absence of the social inequalities based on religion caste gender Etc

But A Step Beyond also clarify what does that mean based on religion caste race

Etc in addition in addition the affirmative action action measures

in addition the affirmative action affirmative action measures taken to

improve the lives of affirmative action taken to improve the

lives of marginalized taken to improve the lives of

marginalized marginalized vulnerable sections

improve the lives of the marginalized and vulnerable sections so it's always

the same let them use the word marginalized vulnerable disadvantage all those things like same poor

like poor women children Etc o b c a CST whatever you call it as they

are all what you call it as the marginalization so social in Social Justice Means One Step Beyond not just ensuring social equality uplift the poor

okay that is social justice then economic Justice economic Justice same equality plus

something beyond that Justice

so first tell economic inequality angle it includes

it includes absence of discrimination based on

it includes absence of discrimination

based on economic factors we have already mentioned all these things some overlap should always be

there absence of discrimination based on economic factors that is class rich and

poor that one economic factors like rich and poor or class but what is additional one

in addition in addition

in addition that is it includes affirmative action taken to reduce

economic inequalities which means what income inequality all

those things in narration it includes the measures taken to reduce income inequality

measures taken to reduce economic inequality

measures taken to reduce economic inequality or income inequality

fine clarify again combination of Social and economic

justice is called

combination of social and economic Justice

combination of Social and economic justice is called redistributive Justice

combination of social and economic Justice

is called redistributive Justice and what is it this is the base for or which is the base for welfare state

which is the base foundation for welfare state

which is the base for welfare state fine if simple example you can write for

example have you had a concept called for example progressive taxation

for example progressive taxation is a measure to ensure redistributive Justice

for example progressive taxation is a measure to ensure

is a measure to ensure redistributive Justice

fine you know the basic point of progressive Justice progressive taxation right

you would have told in economy means what correct that's it that means it is

actually a simple Robin phenomena only so what does Robinhood stories do

take from the rich give to the poor what are you doing here more or less the same only but that was

done in a violent illegal manner this is more democratic welfare state-based angle so as your income increases

increase the tax collected redistribute it to the poor clear so that is the idea of progressive

taxation is to ensure redistributive Justice clear then political Justice is whatever

you have already mentioned like the women reservation all those things is actually political Justice political

Justice let's finish off in one line in addition to political equality because I already have already already mentioned

all those things political Justice that's why we keep telling Justice is a more broader

concept compared to which one equality fine in addition to political equality

it includes affirmative measures to politically Empower weaker section

in addition to political equality

it includes affirmative measures

it includes affirmative measures to politically empower

to politically empower vulnerable sections weaker sections whatever it is

to politically empower the weaker section so if you want to write example same

example reservation for AC and St in Lok Sabha and assembly

for example reservations for SC and St remember if I have already told you that I think in

Constitution there is as present there is only reservation for SC and St in Lok Sabha and assembly

women is for panchayatan municipality that is your friend I'm telling him Lok sabhand sir what about rajya sabhasa in

rajya Sabha all those things there is no concept of reservation clear example reservation for SC and St

in Lok Sabha and assembly MLA

that is political Justice clear then there is a concept called as for the heading

this is again an ncrt concept which is a very famous one also this will help you in your

ethics have they kind of tried to cover not it office done did they tell John Ross okay

so try to recall what done by patisser

okay okay reading theory of Justice John Rawls

theory of Justice John Rawls so try to recall what is the gist of

theory of Justice generals foreign

of ignorance okay fine that means you are unable to recall don't worry

so what again of course this is also is criticized it's not in obviously in polity binary service no Theory not just

here in no political Theory or economic theories 100 accepted by everybody because one or other tradition will

always be there no theory is perfect like oh no human is perfect fine so veil of ignorance look at the term veil of

ignorance means what it is actually based related to something called as equality principle what he says is he

assumes a hypothetical situation let us say for example you don't know where you will be born

obviously nobody knows which family you'll be born which parents which runs which religion which nobody knows that

let's say for example before your birth you're given an opportunity to choose which society will be born

because you don't know where you'll be born let's say if you are given an opportunity to create a society what kind of society will you create

will you create a society based on yes sir let it there bear like let's say kind of a system let it be there so I'll

be borrowed Afghanistan sir I like much to be will anybody try to say that

or will anybody say that no sir let me create some 10 categories I'll go to the last category I like to be an underdog

and all those things nobody will obvious because nobody wants discriminate to be discriminated nobody

wants to be in a weak position everybody wants to be much better or at least equality

that's a hypothetical situation in which he says if you are not aware about in which society will be born and given a

chance you'll always try to create a society based on largely the values of equality and Liberty where there is no

broad-based social inequality discrimination those things should not be there

that is called as well of ignorance so hence what he says is if everybody accepts to this principle because more

or less you ask anybody everybody will say that Henry says if everybody accepts to this principle then the government

should try to create such kind of society that is called as equality Prince because you are accepting the principle

morally hence that should be the best of Your Action then is one two is difference principle in

which he says we accept that inherently any equality Society we can't create hence what they say is difference

principle means Let There Be inequalities in society we understand because or else you can't create a Mars

kind of society abolish private property let everybody you can't create like that in society hence we understand it but

inequality should be in such a way that it should be for the advantage of the

last person until they are kind of an idea it should be not for the benefit of whom

Society in society should be designed in such a way that it is for the benefit of the last person

and another one which he says is we understand again that for example let's say you become an MLA you become an MP

or you become an IAS or you become a prime minister will you not get so much of privileges in society will your

social we will go up the social ladder your positions will improve your family will get a lot of respect understandable

hence what he says is let the inequalities be existing but it should be associated with those positions which

are open to all open to all means what I should also have an opportunity to become the PMR

president or an MP or MLA rnis or election commissioner whatever you call it as so then what will happen

fair enough I also have an opportunity to get into that then if it is unequal then fine that means they are they work

better they were hard whatever it is so they succeeded that is called as two other principles

what do you mean by that what do you mean by whale of ignorance then veil of ignorance is a hypothetical

situation hypothetical means imaginary situation in which if an individual is not aware about the society in visual

Bond given a chance what Society will you create largely equal Society because you don't

know where you'll be born to under difference principle what they say is practically we understand there

will be certain inequalities but inequality should be in such a way that it is for the benefit of whom one or the

way the last person we should always try to get some benefit out of it and two it

should be associated with those positions which are what open to all

open to all means you understand right I should also become able to become PMS or presidents or IAS or IPS or whatever you

call this MLS MPS whatever that positions it should be linked to If you close it that means

what you're ensuring if you close it close to the close Society they call it as if you say that only so-and-so can

become king only so and Sir can become MPS or MLS that means what are you doing then you are restricting the Privileges to

only few that Society nobody wants because you don't know if you are you'll be born in

that category or not getting the idea so that is called as

the if you accept this principle what it says this should be the best for welfare state

this is a basic idea of course in depth also is there but if you broadly understand this that is called as theory

of Justice genres it's the base for welfare state across the world

is obviously the disciple they have been student of generals both have got Nobel

Praises for this it's a very in-depth one we are just broadly understanding the idea

so write it if you still have doubt again please ask theory of Justice John Rawls

fine under that first you put equality principle

theory of Justice John Rawls under the equality principle it is based

on the idea of whale of ignorance theory of Justice John Rawls

under that equality principle for that you clarify

what is it based on the idea of whale of ignorance

based on the idea of whale of ignorance whale means it is a blockage when you can't see it and clarified

it means it means in a hypothetical imaginary situation

it means in an imaginary situation

in an imaginary situation if one is not aware

in an imaginary situation if an individual he is not aware

about the society they will be born into or about where they will be born into

if an individual is not aware about the situation Society they will be born into

so what does they do then everyone tries to create

everybody tries to create a society

everybody tries to create a society based on equality and Liberty

kind of egalitarian correct tries to create a society based on the

values of equality and Liberty largely based on equality and Liberty

clear that is well of ignorance then difference principle or differential principle

difference principle

if inequalities exist in society if inequalities exist in society there

is difference as if inequalities exist in society

it should be it should be for the benefit of the disadvantaged

vulnerable if the inequalities exist in society

it should be for the benefit of the disadvantaged

it should be for the benefit of the disadvantaged yeah then another two

inequality should be associated with those positions

inequalities should be associated

inequality should be associated with those positions open to all

should be Associated to those positions open to all

inequalities should be associated with those positions open to all

ok so that is John Rawls so more or less that is the Justice angle then last word

fraternity it is more easy and we already told you whatever you have written in Preamble

two things one is what is the intention of Liberty corrects that one providing fraternity

again borrowed from you French friends

foreign

it means Brotherhood that means we should feel that we are one we are Indian that kind of an idea

is called as fraternity it means Brotherhood

so what is it tries to ensure he tries to ensure Dignity of individual

it tries to ensure Dignity of individual

it tries to ensure the Dignity of individual fine below that clarify the idea of

single citizenship or the provision of single citizenship in India that's why I remember that's why remember in in India

U.S you have dual Constitution dual citizenship but in India that is also trying to ensure this

the provision of single citizenship tries to ensure fraternity that we should feel that we are all one

the provision of single citizenship is to ensure fraternity

and if you ensure fraternity what will happen if fraternity is achieved then unity and

integrity is achieved if fraternity is ensured

if fraternity is ensured unity and integrity will be protected

if fraternity is insured then unity and integrity of nation will

be insured will be achieved unity and integrity of the nation will

be achieved fine but clarify however in reality in

practice there are still challenges to India's fraternity unity and integrity

however in practice in practice there are still challenges

to India's unity and integrity

like what like communal rights that itself shows that the Oneness the Brotherhood angle still

has to come up like communal riots criminal rights regionalism

linguism don't confuse original language linguism as love just for your reason you can obviously love your state love

your language that's absolutely fine it's a load but what do you mean by regionalism or linguism your love for

your region if it goes beyond your love for your nation that means you're putting your

region in front of ahead of your nation that is called as what regionalism if you

strongly feel that yes I am a Punjabi I am a Marathi I am a Tamil or I'm a Bengali that is not regionalism

but what is the point Bengali is greater than Indian that is regionalism angle Punjabi is greater than Indian that is

regionalism if you love your Punjabi language Hindi language Marathi language kannada language that is not linguism

linguism means what you are giving that more priority than what India's unity

and integrity you are ready to compromise India's unity and integrity for your then that is called as

regionalism and linguism don't confuse saying that okay you're feeling that you are a Tamil that means you don't confuse

it like that that is not the same Beyond I think you got the point yeah so

what is greater is the point there fine so problems like what communal riots and what is regionalism linguism

Kashmir issue kalistan problem which again has come up if you have seen the amritpal sings and

all those things yeah Kashmir issue kalistan issue etc those are all in a way

the challenges for India's unit Nagal image so many have told but in general

fine yeah that is broadly the keywords that you have mentioned in the Preamble now the last part for the subheading

is Preamble part of the Constitution

is Preamble part of constitution what is this kind of a question so first of all

why should they and they where should they go into this question you can think practically you can think like that but

legally everything matters let's say for example you want to make a change in the Constitution I mean you want to add a

word to Preamble or you want to delete a word from pyramble now what is the first question that comes up

what is the procedure then if you want to add or delete something there should be a procedure now

Constitution does not explicitly mention how to I am in preamble then the only procedure is mentioned

where article 368. so article 368 talks about the procedure to amend the

provision of constitution now procedure term in provision of constitution the Matlab Does it include Preamble or not

first you should get the clarity because if you don't have a Clarity that e is Preamble first of all part of

Constitution or not how do you get a Clarity how to amend it then let's say you want to add secular word

there let's say you want to delete some socialist word there so then what is the first Clarity then you should understand

is it first of all part of the Constitution or not only then you can get a Clarity how do you amend it then

hence these all problems came up that is it part of the Constitution or not

clear under that first one put the case Union case again this case will will

discuss in your next chapter today itself what is the case related to as of now just take it as it was a boundary

dispute between India and Pakistan at that time East Pakistan today what so

called Bangladesh

1960.

so what did Supreme Court say Supreme Court said that Preamble is not a part of Constitution

now if it is not a part that means what you can do then you can't amend it then it should stay the way as it is

Supreme Court said that Preamble is not part of Constitution

hence it cannot be amended

hence it cannot be amended case

so he will not leave you until you leave upsc success

1973.

we'll discuss what is the details of the case everything is 1973. so what is Supreme Court say

complete reverse Preamble is a part of the Constitution when there is a part then what you can do

correct Preamble is part of the Constitution and

hence it can be amended

Preamble is a part of the Constitution hence it can be amended

and hence it can be amended here fine the next one below that LIC India

case LIC India case

again the same was said was upheld

case

was opened that means same judgment was appealed again judgment was upheld and

and Preamble was declared as integral part of the Constitution

judgment was upheld and Preamble was declared

as integral part of the Constitution

Preamble was declared as integral part of the Constitution

integral part of the Constitution clear LIC India case this is 1985 but

it's fine LIC India case then again clarify that's why okay that is the other clarification is there however

however in in case it is said that

however in kashmananda bharti case just write kbks however in KB case questions

it was said that however in keshwananda bharti case it

was said that no amendment should violate that means you can make changes in

Preamble but what you should not well at that you know by now what is the keyword yes no amendment should violate basic

structure of the Constitution however it was said that

no amendment should violate basic structure of the Constitution

that will discuss that will discuss two other points that is left out still

fine so then ah it should not violate basic structure that means what do you mean by that sir like for example that

we will discuss anyhow basic structure in detail later let's say you have the word called as India is a sovereign socialist secular Democratic Republic

can you take out the word Democratic yes you can amend the Preamble does it mean that I can remove the word democracy

there if you remove our democracy what is the use of telling all these things then

let's say you remove the word summary itself from there what do you use then because it is already declared as part

of basic structure you can't touch the world like Sovereign secular Democratic Republic equality Liberty Justice you

can't touch that's fixed maybe another word if you want to add it you can add that's a

different issue but in general those keywords cannot be touched

go to Media yeah again below you clarify that we know Preamble has only been

amended once Preamble has

only been amended once

Preamble has only been amended once by which one by 40 seconds year 1976.

it has only been amended once by 42nd CA

1976 and what is that yeah it added

socialist secular and integrity because it is only

Unity they also added the word and integrity it added the words socialist secular and

integrity

while now you clarify two points a little more discussion is needed on this first one below that

Preamble is non-justiciable in nature

Preamble is non justiceable

this word will keep repeating multiple times Preamble is non-justiciable in nature

correct correct non-justiciable in nature two below that

it is neither a source of power

it is neither a source of power

it is neither a source of power nor prohibition on

it is neither a source of power nor a Prohibition on the

on the power of legislature or state nor a Prohibition on the powers of the

state or legislature right so this these two whatever you

wrote now this was your 20 20 premiums question fine what do you

not just first point you should understand what do you mean by justiceable non-justiciable fine let me first tell you what do you mean by

justiceable we again we'll keep discussing in your fundamental rights fundamental rights are called as what

justiceable sir what do you mean by that remember we keep telling there's something very famous because it is easy to understand freedom of speech and

expression fine have you heard it there was a movie called as Buddha Punjab there's a movie called as what else was

banned somebody were born the very famous one which was banned now that is your freedom of speech and expression

means what a director wants to make a movie a producer wants to make a movie is it part of his speech of expression

or not because you he has a whatever in mind imagination Whatever It Is Creative expression they call it as you made the

movie whatsoever reason government Bandit now what can you do as a director or producer then

go to the courts you can ask the code see sir this is my freedom of speech and expression

I have this is my freedom creative expression and the government has banned it most of the time 99.99 of the times

what did the courts do courts will tell the government if you want to cut some let's say you

are not happy with it you have sensor but actually it's not called a sensor board it is called as

Central board not sensor board Central board for film certification it is

infamously called a sensor word because what will they do sensor everything it is not sensorable it is a certification

board actually it should only tell okay remember they keep telling 18 plus adults only can watch anybody can watch

children also can watch you have to only just tell that okay fine that's a different issue we'll

discuss it and what are the governments tell allow the movie to be released that means it is justiceable in nature

in other words if it is if your fundamental right is taken away from you if it is violated what you can do then

you can go to the courts courts will give it back to you your movie will be released your book

will be released but Preamble is non-justiciable means what then reverse it non-justice table means what

means let's say for example in Preamble maybe we studied words like social justice equality just know I told you

facts like Oxfam report says that 51 top one percent is winning how much minimum

50 to 55 wealth is warning that means easier way or your equality violated or not

of course it is limited then let's say you go to the code saying sir my equality in Preamble is violated please

do something then what is the code still I can't do anything because it is

non-justiciable please don't come to me for all these things you can't come the garden idea that is

non-justiciable you can't directly implement it but there is a statement which otherwise

say let's say for example there is something called as dpsp that means what you know obviously that government tries

to provide Education Health Care and all those things our government also gives you reservation let's say government is giving

reservation that reservation is leading is giving you a kind of Justice or not

when they give reservation when they give subsidies to Farmers to buy a tractor to buy a Machinery or when they

give one third reservation for women in what in panchayat municipalities is it

not giving Justice for women it is giving that's why there is a statement which says Preamble is not

directly implemented then how can you do it it is implemented indirectly

how is it implemented indirectly you don't implement this directly you implement your fundamental rights you

implement dpsp if you achieve that what will be achieved then this will be achieved

let's say you went to court saying sir my room you will be released okay Supreme Court gave it saying saying that okay it's your fundamental right if

their fundamental rate is given that means here Liberty is given or not Liberty is also part same because that

movie is released your Liberty is given here they give you equality there that means

here it is achieved so that's the upsc question saying Preamble is not directly implemented it is implemented by

implementing other parts of the Constitution means fundamental rights and dpsps

got an idea so clarify that point somewhere in margin again it means where you have written non-justiciable

it means Preamble cannot be implemented directly

you will understand when you better when you understand fundamental rights and dpsp it means Preamble cannot be implemented

directly Preamble cannot be implemented directly

that means the keywords in the Preamble but it can be implemented

Preamble cannot be implemented directly it can be implemented indirectly

it can be implemented indirectly how by implementing other parts of the

Constitution by implemented indirectly by

implementing other parts of the Constitution

other parts of the Constitution clear for example if freedom of speech

and expression is ensured for example if

freedom of speech and expression is ensured but what is by directly what

is it if freedom of speech on expression is ensured which is a fundamental right

19 classrooms of clause a if freedom of speech and expression is

ensured which is a fundamental right that means what you'll achieve then Liberty mentioned in Preamble is also

achieved Liberty mentioned in preamble

Liberty mentioned in Preamble he is also achieved

Liberty mentioned in Preamble is also achieved clear if you want another example if

if dpsp is implemented that means so how many things are there in dpsp will

discuss it if dpsp is implemented then the value of justice is also

implemented if dpsp is implemented

then the value of Justice is also achieved is also implemented

then the value of justice is also implemented clear that is the indirect one and

Preamble is just like a moral reminder it shows the core of the Constitution it

doesn't give any extraordinary power to Preamble our legislature or government also it doesn't restrict your power also

it is just statement that's it that's why it is called as it is neither a source of power nor a Prohibition so

this is broadly a preamble a very important chapter every year one or sometimes two questions in problems

guaranteed and this is best to understand the concepts then any other notes you think

about it will last after the break then we'll start with part one of the Constitution Union and territories before that some facts are there we'll

write that

foreign

things and I receive the Salient features of the Constitution chapter because anyhow

the fundamental rights dpsp fundamental duties secularism related and all those things will study in detail obviously in

separate chapters just put a heading schedules of the Constitution

schedules of the Constitution number schedule means

the factual details given at the end of the Constitution huh

by modifying huh correct

why is it no there I don't think there is a specific reason for why was it enacted

after it but the overall point is both were passed so is there a reason why maybe they would have redrafted it and

maybe that kind of accounts if you look at the chronology of constitution assembly debates you may understand but

I don't think there's a specific reason why vishra was enacted after the even you could have enacted even before that also this is separately that is

separately positive that I am not sure what is the reason because they don't think that matters

also ultimately responsible assembly also that is a point fine and it doesn't make any difference

of that because chronology doesn't matter there are schedules of the Constitution

another question first schedule first schedule schedule means as I said

factual information given at the end what does it deal with must be a first schedule is what names

of the states names of the States and its territorial

jurisdiction names of the states

names of the states and its territorial jurisdiction

names of the States and its territorial jurisdiction yea means if you open for schedule you will

find the names of the states right from they'll start alphabetically from Andhra Pradesh to arunachal Pradesh like that

they'll go fine but you will not find the names of the districts in talukas if you have Constitution apps you click it

and open and you'll get to know that you'll only find the names of the states then to automatically what you'll have

then names of the union territories and its jurisdiction second one is names of beauties union

territories and its jurisdiction names of union territories

and its jurisdiction names of the union territories and

institution that's your schedule one for schedule right then second schedule

second schedule huh

second schedule technically they use the word emoluments

foreign

ERS and privileges of

emoluments allowances and privileges of

and privileges up there's a list but first you should understand what do you mean by emoluments there is a small difference that's it emoluments means

actually your salary in addition what

other benefits let's say you get to a position they'll also give you a huge like let's say president gets the

rashtrapati Bhavan so rashtrapati Bhavan is what is not your salary but what is it

means for if you get into your position in addition to salary what is the extra benefit you get leave allowances travel

alliances dear answer lens that is different other benefits that you get that is called as both combination is

called as emoluments clear emoluments allowances and privileges off under that

write the list what all yay that means about whom president and governor

president and governor president and governor and you have a

huge list there they'll tell whatever was enjoyed by the governor general of India under so and so act everything they'll tell in second schedule B

second one speaker Deputy speaker

Deputy speaker of Lok Sabha

speaker Deputy speaker of Lok Sabha and legislative assembly

speaker Deputy speaker of Lok Sabha legislative assembly same point you put it which one

chairperson Deputy chairperson rajya Sabha legislative Council

fine because you know the basic point right at the national level Parliament you have two house Lok Sabha rajya Sabha state level not necessary but you may

have two houses what is it one is called as assembly second one is MLA mlc so what is the difference over the elected

was obviously there are still chapters to come best as of now you just remember that

and legislative Council the next one c a g

controller auditor general I think we read we wrote did we write some details about CAG

term what's up only what okay accounts audits we don't okay fine CAG then judges of Supreme

Court High Court next one judges of Supreme Court and high court

so for all these people they what do they get the salary what is their alliances extra benefits everything they

get is all mentioned in your second schedule mentioned means they'll give lot of links

Supreme Court and high court yeah that's your second schedule third schedule

so it's just a matter of fact we are writing third schedule what do you find in third schedule votes or affirmations of

both or affirmations of

votes or affirmations of again clarify the first difference what

do you mean by what what do you mean by affirmation then correct worth means something which is

naked in the name of religion or God affirmation means you can take it in the name of the Constitution itself we can

take it based on your what Atma sakshi conscience you may take it on the people of India whatever it is farmers

there is the worth and affirmation difference just clarify in margin both means taken in the name of religion or

God remembers a lot of people that is both

taken in the name of God or religion affirmation means non-religious that's it one word religious non-religious

so both are allowed so who's what's our affirmations of

under that yeah members of parliament State Legislature or first you write okay if you have

written it's fine members of parliament State Legislature yeah that means if you become an MP what

is the vote you take if you become an Emilia what is the worth you take members of parliament

and State Legislature votes or affirmations of a members of parliament and state legislature B

candidates contesting candidates contesting

that means if you want to file a nomination also you have to take care of candidates contesting elections of same

Parliament and State Legislature because first you will be a candidate then you make you may win you may not

win also so when you're a candidate when you file a nomination you should take a vote candidates contesting elections of

Parliament and State Legislature then after you win you take another worth then after winning again what you

may become Union or state Minister for that you have another worth that also is

mentioned Union or state minister Union minister or state minister

just see see continue next one Union or state minister

the next one CAG CAG is worth CAG

and then after that Supreme Court High Court

the judges of Supreme Court and high court that's your third schedule

right then fourth schedule

fourth schedule allocation of rajya Sabha seats

allocation of rajya Sabha seats allocation of rajya Sabha seats to the

states and duties allocation of rajya Sabha seats to the

states and duties that means on what basis are you allocating how much is it given all

those things details you will find there so like uttar Pradesh has so many rajya Sabha seats all those lists you will

find it there fine there is allocation of the rajya Sabha streets 12 States and UT then fifth schedule schedule five

yes number of seats is based on population both Lok Sabha as well as rajya Sabha

fifth schedule special Provisions for

special Provisions for scheduled tribe areas

that is wherever scheduled tribes are there for them we give special flowers remember a symmetric federalism we have

already mentioned schedule five special Provisions for the scheduled tribes areas in few States

for scheduled tribe areas in few States or which states so you can

write here is the list so you have totally 10 tests first MP

MP Maharashtra Rajasthan

madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Gujarat

Rajasthan four that is one group then Himachal Pradesh

because Himachal Pradesh means tribal area Himachal Pradesh then another five of central India obviously where do you

find tribes more other states in Central India 's

Andhra Pradesh so totally ten chattisgarh

jharkhand odisha Telangana

Andhra Pradesh okay so totally 10 states have this

special provisions sir why I have already told you the reason because schedule tribes different

cultures geographically different so many issues are there hence special same

extension but in North East Sixth schedule all right

sixth schedule special Provisions for tribal areas in

special provisions for special Provisions for tribal areas in

special Provisions for the tribal areas in Northeast northeast states like

not the entire Northeast special Provisions for the tribal areas in Northeast is like what they call it

as famously amtm Assam

Assam meghalaya tripura mizoram

amtm Assam

sir why Northeast tribes only they are different because sir anyhow you have mentioned

why are you treating Northeast right differently I have already told you the reasons because Northeast British had deliberately kept

out culturally racially it is a completely different tribe compared to the tribes of central India hence a

little more special Provisions which is obviously provided by the Constitution itself

right details of course there are separate chapters for it we don't these are all just summing up so many other chapters are there we'll discuss the

details there then seventh schedule which we have already mentioned what is seven schedule

correct seventh schedule distribution of legislative subjects between Center and

State seventh schedule distribution of

legislative subjects between Union and State

this we did not write the just mention the list if you want because anyhow details we have already mentioned remember Union list will make loss

only Parliament State list only state legislature concurrent both residuary

only Parliament but residual list you do you find it in the seven schedule you don't find the list I have already

told you if you have if you if you want open your Constitution happens you'll only find Union list stateless concurrent list residual subjects

whichever is unallocated automatically is gone to home Parliament

you don't find explicit list there like Union list up you you open it and scroll you will find Hundred subjects number

one number two number three they'll mention like that then straight list 1 to 61 you will find then concurrent list

1 to 52 you'll find but residual list you don't have because list that number you have you don't have

it is automatically assumed Zoom got it that's why you don't find it

let's do a list in seven schedule if I just mentioned that if you want Union list straight list concurrentless

residuary subjects because you need to have that small

clarities about what is there in the Constitution what is not there

Union list State list concurrent list and residuary subjects this is your seventh then eighth

languages recognized by the Constitution it is not official language languages

recognized formally recognized languages recognized by the Constitution

languages recognized by the Constitution right so just here we raise lot of

discussion involved because there are so many types here first point you clarify original Constitution had 14 languages

or had recognized 14 languages 1950 original Constitution had

recognized original Constitution had recognized 14

1 4 languages at present time when you have at present there are 22

at present there are 22. fine so just mention which is there some

few you may get confused that's why I will just mention that English is not mentioned remember English is an

official language we'll write all those things English is not mentioned Sanskrit is mentioned

Nepali mentioned because Nepali you may get confused manipuri

yes Nepali mentioned manipuri mentioned

fine first of all Hindi Tamil Telugu Marathi all those things are obvious then last

one four newly added languages are for newly added languages newly in this

is not now 2007 May there was other the last ones four newly added languages

are Bodo spoken by Bodo tribes which state Assam spoken by I mean four newly added

languages are Bodo Bihar maithili

santali santal tribes in so many areas even the president speaks mother tongue

is santali santali and dongri dongri is spoken by people in parts of Kashmir

Jammu Kashmir dongri Bodo maithili santali dongri konkani is

also mentioned this company a lot of people feel it's not pension konkani is mentioned

spoken in parts of Goa Maharashtra some parts of Karnataka there is a demand

going on that there's a language called as Tulu which is spoken in parts of Karnataka they also want to include that

now you have to understand first point there is no basis what is the basis on which

you you mention a language here sort of on what basis do you mention a language here on what basis you don't mention there is no Clarity in the Constitution

please mention that there is no basis to include a means on

what basis there is no parameter there is no parameter

mentioned in the Constitution there is no parameter mentioned in

Constitution there is no parameter mentioned in

Constitution for a language to be included in each schedule

there is no parameter mentioned in the Constitution for a language to be included in eighth schedule

then how do you include it it is included by amending Constitution under 368 using special majority

it is included by amending Constitution that means if you want to include

anybody any language included by amending Constitution

under article 3 State just write U slash a under article 368 which majority special

majority that means no need of ratification only special majority

using special majority so this is your eighth schedule how do you include a language on what basis or

including a language then that's why it is a languages formally recognized by

the Constitution but what if they ask what is the official language of the government of India

that's your next one clarify a fish this is not mentioned in eight schedule these are various languages are there we are

just clarifying everything official languages for the subheading official languages

official languages according to the original Constitution

or according to the Constitution according to the Constitution English or

you can say Hindi and English according to the Constitution

Hindi and English are official languages of the Union government

Hindi and English are official languages of the Union

government clear but there was a check clarify that

original Constitution had mentioned

original Constitution had mentioned that English will remain official language

for 15 years one five original Constitution had mentioned that

English will remain official language only for 15 years one five

only for one five fifteen years means my love till each other then 1965 remember what is

our official language in simple words official language whatever the government of India does it

should be mentioned in both English as well as Hindi language why do you have upsc papers only in Hindi and English

because it's the official language fine for example whatever the parliament passes Allah it should be mentioned in

both English as well as Hindi when whatever is government of India writes a letter or communicate something

to let's say a government of Punjab or government of Tamil Nadu it should write in both what Hindi as well as English in

simple words whatever editions acts anything passed by the parliament government of India or Supreme anything it should be there in Hindi Supreme

Court is different believe that in general legislature and executive Hindi and English in English only for 15 years

but what happened later by 1965 1960s it's a lot of anti-hindi movements

started in in the South especially led by Tamil Nadu because they felt that actually English is more because if you

compare to the South one here you may feel that language all those things but South is different South in general most

of the people don't even know how to speak maybe if they have watched in the movies we can have even if you look at

meals in we can converse overall fluency will not get because it's obvious mother tongues will be

different hence a lot of vegetations happen you may not feel by here there in Tamil Nadu people have

cut the slit their hands and written slogans in blood saying don't talk about

Hindi here so anti-hindi movement it was very very strong even now it is there but in 1960s and 70s it was huge huge

movements fine so through that level it had happened so all the slogans were used to be written on blood saying never

ever talk about Hindi in South to that level it has happened obviously then what happened that's the next Point

Parliament has passed Parliament has passed official languages

Act 1963. Parliament has passed official languages

act 1963 underline the ACT a fish look at the name itself clearly

says official languages Act 1963. and continued English as official

language that means along with Hindi Past official languages Act of 1963 and

continued English as official language this is for whom government of India

Union government official language of the Union government

clear that is one point that is government of India but you also have state governments and what about them sir next Point official languages of the

state governments official language of the state government is determined by State

Legislature

official languages of the state government is determined by state legislature so

they will take the call mostly it will be the regional language in some northeast states Regional language plus

English is also there it's left to them ultimately you can't pay attention every every States in general who takes a call

State Legislature takes the call official languages the state government clear

no no no no absolutely not necessary in fact it is not there in most of the South States neither English nor Hindi

only Regional languages is the official language in Northeast It's a combination I'm not

sure I think in um izoram I think nagaland English is also there

you can't buy at each and every state obviously but Regional language plus English in mostly the Northeast in South

only Regional language no English no Hindi in most of the central Indian States it's I think it will be a

combination of Marathi and Hindi Gujarati in Hindi might be or maybe only Gujarati also it might vary also or

maybe only Marathi also it may vary that's what every state has its own issues but State Legislature will take

the call as the point okay because Constitution doesn't clarify it because you can't mention for everybody

the next one is your there is a concept of national language so what is the national language then

national language according to the Constitution according to any acts there is no

national language national language

officially that means neither in the Constitution or in any act nor in any rules national language there is no

national language for India there is no national language for India

then there is a concept called have you heard classical language

this is broadly to understand what are the different types of languages huh

no no there's no limit nothing like that classical language

what do you mean by a classical language look at the word itself classic normally when you get the word classicalism

classic means always understand old traditional it's a classical the classical music

they tell classical music something which has been staying for a very very long time classical dance like

bharatanatyam the body of Odyssey and all the classical dancers that is what you've got hindustani music carnatic

music so classical means old then what do you mean by classical language then languages which have a very very old

origin very old script very old picture means poetry books and all those things

that's what you call it as Classical Languages clear mention that first those

languages which have an ancient tradition ancient history

those languages which have

those languages which have ancient which have ancient history or tradition

those languages which have ancient history or tradition like what like

lemon let's let's write the reason for parameter like old script

like old script means your main script Lippy old script literature

literature Etc old script literature Etc

means at least some thousand thousand five hundred two thousand years like that where is it mentioned it is not

mentioned in Constitution this is not something which is only eight schedule languages are mentioned in Constitution bus and official language

it is not mentioned in Constitution then who gives it

it is not mentioned in Constitution it is a status given by ministry of art and

culture government of India it is a status given by

ministry of art and culture government of India

status given by ministry of art and culture government of India

fine and then how many are there then at present six languages foreign

six languages of course the mother of all languages in

India Sanskrit then all the South languages

Tamil kannada Telugu Malayalam

Sanskrit Tamil kannada Telugu

Malayalam and then the Recently Added recently in the sense the last one added wadia

Hindi is not there because Hindi is considered as a very recently evolved

languages of 150 200 years and these are all languages of what 1500 2000 years

hence In classical language lists it is not mentioned clear because the ancient links you

don't have find six Classical Languages then so then what are the benefits then why do

you have to give it then benefits include benefits include

additional financial help that means government of India will give

you more money benefits include additional financial help to conduct Research into the

history research on the language just write like that additional financial help

to conduct research on the language or on the history whatever

research on the history fine and of course they'll do so many things

they'll give you they'll establish the benches and all those things but that's the core additional Financial of course it's a recognition of your it's a kind

of what social Prestige and all whatever those things it's a pride in the history and all those aspects but basically

these are the various language so next time when you get confused with feasible difference

classical at least have a broad idea fine so that's why I mentioned everything

huh benefits the moment you mention any language in eight schedule and next time

in the giveaway when they ask for you any kind of benefits this kind of a help or something you should give it to them

it will become an obligation on you

no again when you make it as a national language what will happen then they'll tell all the major votes should be

mentioned only in that everything it will get impacted only acts everything should be mentioned here that language

will be given priority in exams only that language should be spoken what do you call as this in any exam you write

qualifying exam it will be only that Parliament may only that you should say everything will go to that

yes yes that issue has always been going on the input that's what I told from the South if you look at it it's called as

the Hindi of imposition from the north if you look at it it's called as a spread of Hindi language it's a

perspective from here you look at it we are just asking to spread it so that

everybody speaks it from the south what does it look like that's what we are telling now it's called as imposition is

from the south it's the perspective you look at it fine

yeah so that is eight schedule broadly these only these were mentioned were original Constitution now providing

newly added schedules what are the newly added ones newly

added schedules

ninth schedule ninth schedule

article 31 capital B

article 31 capital B

article 31 capital V what do you mean by it again I mentioned

added by that means which Amendment added by First Amendment just write first CA

in capital first constitutional amendment added by first constitutional amendment

1950 one this was a question also in problems

first 9th schedule was added by which amendment and obviously who was the pm at that time the year itself says so

that was a question also I think 2020 yeah 2019 question claims question five what does it include lastly right

because 31b again we'll discuss in detail in your fundamental rights chapter as of now just write the broader point it includes

those loss it includes those laws

of Parliament and straight legislature

it includes those loss of Parliament

those laws of Parliament and State Legislature which are

which are immune to judicial review immune immune

Judiciary cannot question it those laws of the parliament and State Legislature

which are immune to judicial review these are simple words Judiciary cannot

question it what are those laws so many details are there we'll discuss it recently you might have heard jharkhand wanted to

implement 77 reservation fine so that they want to add it in nine

schedule but they can't add it only who can add it Constitution comment karna and Constitution who can amend not the

states Parliament so those are all details will give it to let's talk about it in

fundamental rights chapter because for that parallel you have to understand what do you mean by reservation there is something called a zindra Sani case

vertical reservation horizontal reservation sub categorization all those

reservation in promotion then we'll go to this as of now just remember those

last passed by Parliament and state legislature if you don't want Judiciary to question it just go write the law

here when you will find how many as of now there are somewhere around 200 if you have app you just open it and see you

will have around 285 laws mentioned there those 285 laws in simple words

Judiciary cannot question sir why do they do it because to keep it

away from Judiciary so that they should not check it sir is it so easy it's not so easy there's so many details that we

will discuss there is something called as IR call okay there is something called as doctrine of essence test uh dual test so many are there but details

for that again as I said you need fundamental rights Basics okay that is ninth schedule then tenth schedule

10th schedule in simple words it is called as what

10th schedule

anti-diffection law right so what do you mean by defection

the moment you say defection means you are changing the priority from which you are elected

to another party you're shifting your party that is simply called as defection so anti defection means what to tackle

that they have passed this law so remember the Maharashtra crisis going on is anti-refaction law so what happened

what is that all those things again you have a separate chapters for it will deal with it how did they add it added

by 50 seconds EA 1985. this was also a film's question

added by 52nd Constitutional Amendment CA 1985

52nd Constitutional Amendment 1985 then 11th schedule

11. in simple words panchayats

panchayats added by 73rd Amendment 1992.

panchayats added by 73rd Amendment 1992.

73rd Amendment 1992. then 12th schedule

12th spelling is a bit change yeah

12th schedule municipalities

12th schedule municipalities 74th Amendment the same 1992.

74th Amendment 1992.

74th Amendment 1992.

yes so these are totally 12 schedules which you have it in the Constitution as of now when that is the end of the

Constitution now in the big overall what you have something called a smarts of the constitution for the heading now

what are the various parts you don't have to add each and every part broadly

parts of the Constitution means take it as word chapters

parts of the Constitution Al Constitution had 22 parts

original Constitution had 22 chapters

original Constitution had 22 parts at present it is 25

so then how many technically speaking three but it's not actually like that

original Constitution had 22 parts so as of now much 25 so what are they clarify below part 7

and part 9 of the Constitution part 7 chapter 7 and chapter 9.

part 7 and part 9 of the Constitution were abolished

so you don't have part seven now partnering again that came back we'll write it part seven part nine were abolished by

seventh Constitutional Amendment 1956 survives it you'll get it in your next

chapter Union and territories abolished by seventh Constitutional

Amendment 1956. then 42nd Constitutional Amendment 1976.

which is famously called as what mini Constitution 42nd Amendment

1976 added two parts

for the Second Amendment 1976 added two parts

what is it part 4 A

fundamental Duty part 14 a tribunals

part Fourier fundamental Duty part 14 a criminals so what is terminal as of now

take it as they function like codes that's why it is called as

quasi judicial bodies quasi means what we already discussed what is quasi

partial so quasi judicial means what then partially they function like code what

is that that again and we'll understand when you discuss judiciary when part 14 a terminals

that is by 42nd Amendment then add a next one 73rd Amendment 1992.

73rd Amendment 1992 again they brought it back part 9

panchayats 73rd always means what panchayats 73rd Amendment 1992 Part 9 panchayats so

whatever vacant space were there they filled it by this panchayats

foreign 1992.

part 9 panchayats then 74th

Part 9 capital A like how we have written here same 9 a so what is 74 just

now we wrote municipalities

municipalities

Part 9 yeah municipalities then part nine B capital B

part 9B Cooperative societies

part 9B Cooperative societies

r nine B Cooperative societies

yes same thing 368 only you are if you want to include any new schedule

okay these are the new chapters and then of course what is part one part two anyhow we will discuss that as that's

what is here we'll have to start with part one then part two then go to part three fundamental rights and all those things that is parts then other factors

you have providing features borrowed from other countries

where what features did we borrow from which country features borrowed from other countries

features borrowed from other countries

typical facts I'll just tell you you have to note down first one government of India act 1935

government of India act 1935 what did we borrow from that

okay first one federalism Federal structure

federalism government of India 1935 first one

federalism then judiciary

Judiciary governor Judiciary Supreme Court High Court

WhatsApp Concepts that is not called as Supreme Court which was called as federal court but Judiciary governor

Public Service commissions the upsc all those things created by 1935 Act only

Public Service commissions schedule

Public Service commissions seventh schedule whatever you just that that also is inspired from the same

seven schedule emergency provisions seventh schedule emergency provisions

Etc so these are all so many are there but these are the broader ones seven schedules

emergency Provisions Etc this is 1935 act then from UK Britain

obviously Britain what is the major feature we borrowed parliamentary system

UK parliamentary system rule of law we'll discuss that in your

fundamental rights chapter rule of law professor AV dicey rule of law then three

cabinet system means how should the cabinet function is a cabinet system

cabinet system then bicameralism so bicameralism by means by means what two

so two houses in UK you have two houses of common house of lots same concept you put it in India Lok Sabha Raja Sabha

bicameralism by cameralism c-a-m-e r-a-l-a-sm means

two houses bicameralism single citizenship within India this is like even in UK you are only considered as

citizen of UK because in UK If you have heard there are four parts one is England Northern Ireland Scotland and

Wales four major kind of regions you are only considered as citizen of UK you are

not considered a citizen of Scotland description of England it's there's nothing like that that's called as

single citizenship fine then what you call us is

parliamentary privilege that is if you become an MP you'll get lot of special powers that concept is borrowed from UK

parliamentary privilege privilege means you know treatment VAP

kind of a treatment then writ remember have you heard writ concept that we'll understand article 32 Rich

writ and then uh yeah broadly the same then

how the law is passed how many are there but that's fine broadly then what did we borrow from U.S

us means always understand the core two things one is judicial related second one is the core in point one word

fundamental rights U.S the most important fundamental rights

fundamental rights to Independence of judiciary

independence of judiciary three judicial review

judicial review then impeachment of president

impeachments in simple words remove how the president can be removed from his power

impeachment of president then removal of Supreme Court High Court

judges how to remove them removal survive we use the word

impeachment for president removal for others we'll discuss that when the when we discuss the topic removal of Supreme

Court High Court judges office of Vice President

of ease of Vice President so that itself is inspired from U.S

clear then Canada

strong Center strong Center

so quasi-federal system actually we are borrowed from Canada strong Center then too residuary Powers

with Center actually in U.S residue powers are with whom States you canonize its Center we

inspired from Canada residuary Powers with Center

then advisory jurisdiction it means in simple words president will ask the advice of Supreme

Court in various issues advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court

advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court each and everything will get discussed this is just a overall Factor just have

to keep the treatment obviously then appointment of Governor will be right

appointment of Governor by Center

appointment of Governor by Center that concept is also borrowed from Canada from Canada itself borrowed from Britain

because Britain was ruling Canada also from them we got inspired appointment of Governor by Center

that is Canada then France France is obvious very easy equality Liberty fraternity Republic

French Revolution equality Liberty

fraternity Republic

Liberty fraternity Republic that is France USSR

means if you don't know basic idea there was a concept now from 1917 Russian Revolution till 1990 till USSR it was a

group USSR means not just Russia Russia plus around 20 countries today what you call as Ukraine Hungary

all of them were part of a group called as USSR USSR wins Union of Soviets

Socialist Republic in simple words Russia was the core plus 20 countries around were there entire east Europe

more or less entire used to Europe were all part of this then everybody got separated they became separate countries

again and Russia became another country that is called as technically we keep calling because disintegration of USSR that

we'll understand maybe maybe when world history happens or sometimes they'll tell you cold war all those things

concept was there there okay so from USSR what did we borrow fundamental Duty and justice

fundamental duties Justice

and justice then Germany Weimar Germany they call it

as Weimar innocence Germany I mean 1930s 1940s Germany one Vemma I just write

Germany Germany suspension of fundamental rights during

emergency like how Indira Gandhi misused during emergency that concept suspension of

fundamental rights during emergency

suspension of fundamental rights during emergency there is um Germany then

or else you have friends you have written Germany of written Ireland

Ireland dpsp the very famous concept Ireland dpsp

election of president removal of President is from U.S election of President is here

election of president nomination of rajya Sabha MP means the

Sachin Tendulkar the American the nomination months nomination of rajya Sabha MP election of

president nomination of rajya Sabha MP

not election election is different one then South Africa

not that this South Africa because when we got inspired it was this British ruled South Africa then the represents

of Africa is independent South Africa which happened the Nelson Mandela in 1993 that's a different one 1948 means

48 49 British South Africa South Africa whatever borrowed election of rajya

Sabha MPS election of rajya Sabha MP

then amendment of constitution how to amend a

constitution is inspired from them Amendment 368 one amendment of

Constitution than Australia

Australia was also ruled by British so obviously more or less we inspired from British only again joint sitting that

means there are instances when Lok Sabha Raja Sabha sits together joint sitting

to freedom of trade and commerce joint sitting

then freedom of trade and commerce

freedom of trade and commerce then concurrent list so some some provisions of concurrent

list is borrowed from here concurrent list more or less Provisions related to

federalism to an extent is borrowed from Canada to an extent is borrowed from Australia because both are big countries

and I've already told you the logic when you have big country normally you will have what system federalism because managing them will be difficult then

Japan procedure established by law there is a

concept called procedure established by law you will understand when we discuss article 21 and then there is a concept

called due process of law Japan procedure established by law

so did we write 11 countries yeah so broadly these are the features borrowed from various countries

did we minnesotanic I think we have mentioned it's more nervous everything we have mentioned

even our written Constitution concept Preamble concept is borrowed from us

correct but also if you want you can write Preamble concept is borrowed from us

Preamble concept the what you discussed just now is borrowed from us

even written Constitution angle also

right and then so this and then as I said various features includes of course ours is one of the lengthiest

Constitution of the world we all know that because it's a single Constitution for entire country population is very huge historically in

the 1935 impact so many are there and few criticism broad criticisms of constitutional you can just read let's

sum up that and then we'll continue with next chapter tomorrow broadly right criticisms of Constitution

broad ones will not write the entire details criticisms of constitution broadly water it

first one carbon copy of 1935 acts because it's a huge huge impact of 1935.

because remember when when British passed the 1935 act it was the lengthiest Act passed by the British

Parliament till then imagine British Parliament entire one carbon copy of 1935 Act

means so much of things they have just copy pasted that is one two

is obviously what bag of burrowings that means you have just copied it from

various countries it's a bag of borrowings just now you wrote the list that's why

it is called as what bagger that means what is new you have just copied from various countries is the criticism but

what is the counter for that even in the in the words of ambedkar itself the counter is that when by the time we were

making the Constitution 1948 59 49 15 most of the European countries have

already made their constitution whatever you call it as all these things so that means there was a clarity about what

should be there in the Constitution what should not be there so then what these people did

whatever should be there whatever should be there should not be there a Clarity is there so just take it check if it is

good for India if it's good for India edit changes leave it

that's the point that means there is no need to or that while we were making the Constitution there was nothing

drastically new to be added to any Constitution all we had to do was we

should understand what is needed in our constitution what is not needed so just add it

that's the point called as bag of borings to counter that clear then next one

it is ungandian in nature and gandhian

means what obviously the name it says is it does not reflect the core gandhian values because I've already mentioned

values or what decentralized grammar swaraj so self-employment he was against

industrialization he wanted a trustership model all those things you don't find it broadly few references are

there but in general it is not based on core gandhian values it is largely inspired by the value system of ambedkar

nehru Patel and all those things who are mostly in spite of the western values the Liberty equality change in the

society that kind of a one that's why a lot of people said it is means it doesn't at the core reflect the

gandhian values clear then it is an Indian

that means it doesn't it is not based on Indian values I remember in in your book itself you

will find that very famous criticism which I've already told you that the Indians expected the music of a sitar

but what we got is the music of a guitar means we expected that Indian constitution

should be based on Indian values but we got the Western valleys is the criticism but how can you counter it it is not

based on what which values did you borrow from which country it is based on is the value good or bad

did the value bring a positive change in society or not and obviously those values were globally accepted values

then also even now also the values of equality Liberty just is not just Global

values then even today they are the globally accepted values also hence it

is valid it should stay and you should largely say yes sir we are not denying that the values because most of our

constitution makers obviously where were they educated they were all educated in Cambridge Oxford this is the mostly invest

educated only of course they are inspired by those values and at that time West was the developed

one so we wanted to become like them or that kind of a progress and inspiration

is there no doubt about it clear that is another tradition and then another one

it is it is Paradise of lawyers means it is too much

of in-depth too many technical words it's a paradise for lawyers

means too many keywords too many technical words and what is a criticism is that a common man can't understand this

you need to study so much of things to understand the Constitution and in fact remember it is not exactly the statement

but remember the French dictator called as a French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte he had

once said that the law and the Constitution should be so simple that a common man should be

able to carry it in his pocket and easily understand it now you can't carry it first probably in the pocket

also Indian you can carry it in an app now that's a different issue but you can't carry it in the pocket one physically two a common man cannot

easily understand it also because too many technical words too many interpretations

so hence what is the point when you have too many interpretations it will become a case it will be few becomes a case who

is the beneficiary where is the beneficiary that's why it is called as lawyers Paradise but it's a

give and take that's why as I told I feel like that many criticians are there sir averaging criticized that the

Indian constitution doesn't have a core set of values It's a combination khichdi you have Indian values also your Western

values also have Gandhi and also have nehru also ambedkar also Patel also it has become a khichdi that's the

criticism but it is also a good thing because it is trying to address the diversity

also because if it is only western Indians May reject it if it is only Indian it may not suit the modern modern

issues so they have tried to somehow balance it which is a buyer which is a positive also which is a negative also it's a

combination clear so these are broadly the criticisms of Constitution as a whole

sir what do you mean by judicial review we'll discuss it because separate chapters are there fundamental Rich chapter we will discuss in simple words

take judicial review means Judiciary will question the decisions taken by legislature and executive that is as

simple as that right then I thought we can start with Union and territories but I think it's

already done and so many facts we wrote so many things we discussed are part one of the Constitution which deals with

Article 1 to article four that will start from tomorrow remember like for example there is a demand to make

European to four as I've already told how do you do it there's a demand to create wither amount

of Maharashtra how do you do it there's a demand to whatever so many like let's say remember that uh

what is his name had dinner recently a kind of fast in uh

kind of hunger whatever you call it as in ladakh he wants to make ladakh into a

separate State how do you do it all those procedures we'll discuss that tomorrow

yeah yeah any doubts please ask or not don't ask tomorrow anything

is fine