Class 5: Polity : Preamble Offline & Online Guidance Program

THE AIMERS

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND VOTING POWERS  

doubts in federalism whatever we have discussed the types of federalism all those

hmm principle of subsidiarity means actually

we'll study that maybe you got it in your questions so subsidiary means actually like this

thank you

now earlier we used to allocate functions in this manner

means state government of India used to keep most of the functions with itself whatever they cannot do they used to

give it to States whatever they cannot do they used to give it to local bodies so it was typically called as what

technically we call it as top down approach fine principle of

subsidiarity is the reverse means what first you should ask can the local

bodies for example if you are talking about primary anything for that matter primary education or maintaining what

you call as the small water bodies in your village or any function you take can the local bodies handle it that's

the first question you should ask if the answer is yes we should give it to them if the answer is no then you give it to

whom then the question is okay can the states handle it if the answer is yes give it to them then his answer is no

so that is typical your that itself is principle of subsidiarity

for example you take up issues like let's say maintenance of parks in in this area or let's say what you call as

maintenance of drainage issues or something is there now maintenance of park or something you think logically

can the ministry of environment gonna have government of India manage it

areas which are far away also maintenance of the parks in your local area maintenance of drainage in your

local area Ministry of environment and you know what you call as this Forest of government of India cannot take care of

that because who can take care of it better the local bodies it can be your panchayats or municipalities can take

care better so you wait to give it to them Street like let's say in front of your home streetlight issues problem is

there will you directly call Ministry of electricity or something Ministry of power government of India

obviously no because those are all too much of a small issue for them they have to take care of bigger things

that is principle of sociality so principle of subsidiarity means you should allocate or you should distribute

subjects subjects in the sense as I said it can be any subject education street lights drainage Water Sanitation

anything is called as subject technical in polity you should distribute subject in such a way that so first what you

have to ask yourself allocate to that level of body or that level that level of government which can implement it

better and principle of subsidiarity supports what approach bottom-up approach that's why we keep

telling principle of subsidiarity empowers in simple words panchayat Raj institutions

because obviously where does it fall and the approach is now if you follow this approach by the

time it reaches local bodies you have very very less functions given to you getting we are not done anyhow where I

would have told it in your panchayats but still because you asked it so please note down somewhere in margins principle

of subsidiarity

principle of subsidiarity

so can you explain that it means subject should be distributed

or allocated it means subjects Powers anything you can call it as

it means a subject should be allocated

subject should be allocated in such a way that in such a way

that he tries to empower

in such a way that he tries to empower the local bodies decentralization anything he tries to

empower the local bodies he tries to empower the local bodies and

it is in favor of what it favors decentralization and bottom-up approach to development

it favors

it favors decentralization and bottom-up approach to development

it favors decentralization and bottom-up approach to development

fine you can also write another point subjects are allocated in such a way

or subjective subjects are allocated to such level of government subjects are allocated

to such level of government

subjects are allocated to such level of government where it can be implemented

better subjects are allocated

to such levels of the government where it can be implemented better

where it can be implemented better well example

subjects like street lights drainage

subjects like street light drainage subjects are extremely drainage parks

parks are better handled by local bodies

are battle handled or better handled by local bodies of

course for simple reason that they are very close to them are better handled by the local bodies

right so that is a basic idea of what do you mean by principle of subsidiarity

yeah okay so any other notes

because obviously you look at see it is like this

when you say Federation by integration

all small bodies get together to form a big state

fine this is US1 India Canada is what actually Canada take it as this this was a very very big country which was which

had a centralized Administration during British rule later what they did it was same itself later what they read

in order to doing it here big one you are subdividing it what did

you do here small ones 13 small states get together that is called as integration big one subdivide you take

India for example when India Independent India or even if you take by 1956 we had

only 14 States six union territories on when the state will discuss that in your next chapter Union and territor is when

uh State reorganization X7 constitutional amendment was passed 14 State 1600 is how many you have today

you have double you have 28 States so earlier it is only Bombay now within

that you subdivide and made as what Maharashtra Gujarat divide

dividing the total area is the same as the country is same countries areas does not

change but within that what changed within that you all started to subdivide that's why it is called as

disintegration doesn't mean India is divided within that states are divided fine

total area will not change total area of the country will not change that is Federation on disintegration

model like the U.S sorry not the Canada model correct any other loads

or because so many types of federalism we discussed asymmetric symmetric Cooperative comparative

so broadly fine shall we continue okay next chapter please providing preamble

we'll discuss separately don't worry for you to understand Financial emergency so many other Basics we need to understand

Financial emergency is separate chapter don't worry for that again I have to tell so many other basics

so in Preamble one now let's write you copied on this few descriptions by various people

who is very famous Supreme Court Advocate calls it as identity card of the Constitution

then

foreign

calls it as soul of the Constitution horoscope of India sovereign

bar keynote to the Constitution Supreme Court in beruba Union case key

to minds of makers of Constitution so these are the various descriptions of

the cons of the preamble by various thinkers various people

fine

okay so this is one angle obviously I have already told you Preamble is like what like how for a novel you have a

prologue or a preface exactly the same so the moment you look at Preamble you will understand what the Constitution

tries to achieve what kind of goals are he's mentioned in that everything you'll clearly get fine so obviously that's

your next point please for the heading that's the next aspect

preamble Preamble mentions four key aspects that

means if you look at Preamble clearly you will identify four key aspects Preamble mentions four key aspects

four key aspects first one is source of the Constitution

because what is the term that you find in the beginning itself We the People Source of the Constitution

so obviously people of India source of Constitution that is people of

India fine then you find nature of Indian

state nature of Indian state

so what is it so obviously you find so many keywords Sovereign socialist that's your nature

of Indian States over in socialist secular

democratic Republic Sovereign socialist

secular Democratic Republic so those are the key words that we have to understand

so in this today's chapter helps a lot for your basics Sovereign socialist secular Democratic

Republic then goals that is objectives of Indian constitution goals of Indian constitution

goals of Indian constitution so obviously what are they Liberty

Liberty equality Liberty equality Justice

Liberty equality Justice also you can also add the word fraternity

you can also mention the word unity and integrity fraternity unity and integrity

file so these are just facts we have to discuss it again unity and integrity then date of adoption of constitution so

remember we have mentioned we keep mentioning three dates one is when the when was the Constitution accepted that

is then enacted then signed then enforce so this is enacted that is date

of adoption of constitution 26th November 1949. that's what is today's Constitution Day

what we famously call it as date of adoption of Constitution

fine but and if you look at the Preamble actually you find certain keywords so clarify if you want below itself you

clarify or you can clarify then Justice so it's like this they keep telling this

when you find the Justice in Constitution they mention three types

exactly Justice Means

political because you in prelims they are specifically these kind of questions what kind of justice is mentioned in the

Constitution or Preamble so then it is political economic social then they may

ask the word what kind of Liberty is given by the Preamble or by the Constitution Liberty includes very so

many things but in Preamble you find only two keywords Liberty of

sorry in Preamble you have five keywords Liberty of thought that is equality Liberty of thought

expression

faith

belief

worship so these are the five keywords mentioned for Liberty in the Preamble then for equality you have another two

keywords so they mention only two equality of status

and equality of opportunity

equality of status equality of opportunity and for Fraternity they mentioned two

keywords they say it is to ensure

what is it to ensure

it is to ensure Dignity of individual and two

because every year one or other way at least minimum one or

two questions will be there from the Preamble chapter itself find the last what kind of Liberty is given in the

Preamble so you should clearly manage this I had this what kind of equality is

provided by the Constitution in general of course you can tell equality political social economic everything you

can tell but there are different types of equality theoretically as a concept but in the Preamble you've only

mentioned two kind of equality equality of status equality of opportunity so if

the question says in Preamble what are the different types of or what equalities are mentioned you should only

choose status and opportunity don't choose political social economic that's not mentioned for equality

fine then what is the meaning of fraternity of course you can say Brotherhood these are everything but the

Constitution mentions in the Preamble it is mentioned that fraternity to assure Dignity of individual so if they say

what is the goal of fraternity you should choose Dignity of individual only because Constitution mentions that

keyword you can you can argue anything so fraternity is to ensure actually Unity threatenation to ensure that we all are

together secondary in Preamble it is mentioned fraternity to ensure Dignity

of individual you have to mention Dignity of individual only clear then broadly to achieve India's

unity and integrity so they say this is this itself will give you one problems question loudly

clear okay so this is the broader one now let's go for the keywords first keyword mentioned sovereignty

so to an extent we have already discussed about what do you mean by sovereignty please tell me

what is the meaning of sovereignty [Music]

huh not exactly Independence

a little bit correct does it means the core aspect is

you should not have any interference from any other country that is a core

angle of sovereignty fine and again subdivide sovereignty includes what two

types again external sovereignty internal sovereignty external sovereignty in the sense the country

should have our country should be the the Indian State what do you call it as should be the ultimate edition making

power with respect to the international relations in simple words let's say for example what kind of relationship should

India have with China Sri Lanka Pakistan Bangladesh Iran so who will decide that

will U.S tell us what to do U.S Russia will tell us what to do or who will decide it

we will decided that's what you call as external sovereignty that means nobody should tell us what relationship should

we have with Russia or China or even any country that you take for that matter should India sign so-and-so agreement of

U.N so that will the U.N tell us will the U.S sell us or we will take the call we will take the call should India join

SAR karna for example India last few years back did not sign you might you might have been knowing

China's very famous initiative called as Bri belt and Road initiative so Belton

Road initiative India has not signed India is against it most of the countries in and around India has signed

it because what because India's India's argument is what belt and Road initiative passes through gilgate

Pakistan area that is which is today what you call it as the Poke occupied region but it's an occupied region of

Kashmir it's not Pakistan's region correct it is integral part of India what Pakistan have

illegitimately occupied it that's why India said without asking us how did you

go ahead with this project because theoretically it belongs to which who has so without asking us how did you go

ahead with the project that means you're you are putting a question mark on our sovereignty itself that's why government

of India said we will not go ahead with this project we are against belt and Road initiative

fine that is one but there's another one have you heard a agreement called as

this agreement called as rcep if any economy they might have given a brief also

Regional comprehensive economic partnership it is an agreement initiated by

Asian that is Association of Saudi station Nation so India for

whatsoever is in India said India was actually part of the negotiation means in the from the beginning India was part

of it finally we said no we are not going to sign it you know that's left to us it is Sir is it a good decision or

bad decision that is different that's a different question but can India take the final decision that should we join

or not of course yes because what is it that's what you call it as external sovereignty we will decide which

agreement we will sign which International body we will join what kind of relationship we will have with

what kind of country nobody else can dictate us got it that is called as external

sovereignty now reverse the same process then what will it become internal sovereignty means what India

will decide its internal policies on in whatever call it as internal issues whatever we will decide is for example

what should be India's policies towards Kashmir government of India's policy towards Kashmir un or U.S are nobody

else can dictate us who will decided government of India will take the call for example we abrogated article 317

2019. sir is it a good decision or bad that is again different that's subjective it might be so it is a good

decision sir you may also you know sir I think so also that's all different but who will have the ultimate authority to

decide Indian government will have that that is what you call it as introns sovereignty

what will be India's policies to tackle nuxilism now who will tell that will the China tell because it is related to

Communism in another angle no China has no control over it we will decide it government of India will decide what is

our chattisgarh government whatever as a state as a whole we will decide our policies towards our internal problems

how will we tackle covet we can take some advices from who we can take it from any other country but ultimately

resource decision our decision government of India's decision that's what you call it as

external sovereignty internal sovereignty got an idea yeah so any group you can

apply India is obviously by definition we are a sovereign and I have already given you that remember that time frame

India became till 19 15 that was 1947 we were a colony from 15th August 1947 till

uh uh 1950 uh Jan 26 what are we we were

yeah if you are independent but we are Dominion from January 26 what we became Sovereign

Democratic Republic then when with the word socialist circular added 1976 42nd Amendment so India became

Sovereign on Jan 26 1950 you should choose the same statement correct so that is one but it

is not so easy today because remember India is a developing country and for developing it is it is not so

easy to escape from developed countries control we can tell anything for that matter sir India is

to tell it is very easy but practically obviously because India is a developing

country one or other way developed countries I mean India is in actually much better situation compared to others

so many other countries in the South that is developed developing countries clear for example take very best simple

example 1991 economic reforms of course India only brought it but India did India bring the reforms completely on

their own no they would have told you an economy it was not completely on our own IMF had put pressure while bank had put

pressure you had to listen so that means what you may take the decision theoretically you are taking it

but actually who is forcing you to take it some International body is forcing you

to take it technically we call it as in polity

so what is it called as Global constitutionalism in simple as it

means the entire globe means entire world is subjected to the same rules and regulations made by some International

bodies I don't even have to name it so who are those International bodies then

so whatever these groups makes the law who has to listen everybody

entire Globe entire world is subjected to the same laws fine for example should

India allow GM crops or not of course we'll take it but it's not so easy so much of pressure will be there India's

export import policy though will decided not 100 decided by us who will put a pressure

WTO will put a pressure we will will we export our agricultural products or will issue will be also

although the agricultural Imports your WTO will decide which they'll put pressure on us

our human human rights related our policies or loss we don't do it completely on our own who will put

pressure U.N would will put pressure that's what you call it as Global constitutionalism

related to it another criticism that is also there is what you call it as

so what is it Neo Imperialism so what is the difference between imperialism and colonialism then

colonization is essentially capital in the country and bringing its resources for the

betterment of their own okay so Landslide is correct one so it's just a small clarification when you say

imperialism so it's a much more older concept imperialism means what in simple words one country will control another

country it can be politically social issues economic issues anything one country has

to control another country Master Slave Theory there will be one ruling they'll be ruled so fine you control that now

colonialism is a form of imperialism form means type colonialism is a type

even here one country like let's say British India was a colony of British means British controlled India but what

is it that means it's a type of imperialism but what is the difference they came here concorders and then they

will rule us so that is colonialism so colonialism is what it's a type of imperialism

clear so imperialism is a broad one colonialism is a type now look at the

word Neo Neo means what then new so Neo Imperialism is a concept or a kind of

criticism which started in 1970s and 80s in which they started to

tell that the so-called what you call us this

the big mnc's of the the sugar the U.S or ticket as Europe U.S as a whole so

what they started to come to this what you call as the I mean the developing countries and then they start to

establish their own things so the idea what the criticism again it's all subjective you can agree you may not agree also what they criticize is that

Yemen seas are propagating new imperialism that means developed

countries are controlling us today not by coming and conquering us but through whom

through mncs they are determining what kind of culture we follow or what kind of food we eat does that is

an impact the typical KFCs make this or mobile companies this that gaffer Google Amazon Facebook apples and all those

things one or other way will have a control on us according to the to help the company's

government will make policies that's what technically called as corporate State corporate State means government

is trying to make policies in such a way that it helps whom it helps these big MNC so indirectly who

is controlling us developed countries are controlling us not by conquering us through whom

three amen says that is one way and through whom through this one of course because these

all are controlled these are always even and they are all controlled by whom yes only because most of them are hugely

financed by U.S their most of the headquarters are in U.S so one another way who is controlling U.S is

controlling them or take it as developed countries broadly so that is called as sovereignty so

theoretically India is Sovereign to a large action practically also but being a developed country it is impossible for

India to escape from the control of the so-called developing developed countries it's not so easy

fine countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan you don't even have to talk for example yesterday just uh March 19th yesterday

yesterday was today's 20th okay so the yesterday was 20 years when U.S attacked

Iraq Saddam Hussein's one now how can U.S government directly attack another country

of course WDC had happened or something that's a terrorist how can a legitimate government come and take over another

country it is huge huge violation of Iraq sovereignty how can forever it's very

simple when you look at it Pakistan I mean U.S forces came to about the Pakistan area where Osama Bin Laden was

hiding killed him took his body buried somewhere in Sea now can you imagine any other country

this is what this is not done by some terrorist organization or something who is doing it the U.S government is doing

it can you imagine any other government government we're telling Osama Bin Laden doing it is an illegal activity

an Indian government go kill someone in U.S take his body come back put it in

sin come back to India we'll use first of all will U.S agree to that or even if you do it will India U.S leave India

so that's their sovereignty issues come up developed countries most of them not exactly most you can say a lot of the

times have violated developing countries sovereignty they do directly drone attacks on

Pakistan areas and areas Afghanistan areas will it allow with some Pakistan or Afghanistan does the same on us then

or will if Russia attacks on how rich China attacks on U.S you can't even see in your mind also you

can't even think like how go maybe China you can now at least imagine probably so India going attacking U.S you can't even

imagine in your mind so that's the level of control they have on the world that's what you call it as

theoretically we are sovereign this is a criticism part practically it's not so easy

50 maybe 60 70 we might be another 30 40 areas we are still one or

other way controlled by developed countries clear those are not directly indirectly

like what do you mean by sovereignty yeah please note down

huh

no no they are not violation of sovereignty when you are signing a treaty it is you as a legitimate government you are signing it so it's

your choice signing is not violation if someone is forcing us to sign then it's violation

if you sign then if you are forced to listen to someone because of the agreement then it's violation

it's not a violation if let's say you sign the agreement under the treaty it is mentioned that if it is like let's

say in some Provisions I mentioned it's not mentioned in that if it is mentioned that India from today onwards if they

want to make some relationship with any country they should first ask the permission of Russia

then what is it then it's violation now we will work together we'll enhance

our cooperation this is that they'll mention some technical Words which you have to keep on writing in your means that words is not solution of

sovereignty that's the point for example Bhutan if they want to decide any of their defense or international relations

first they should ask India because because Bhutan situation is like that

it's a very small country it can't defend itself so of course we are supporting them so they will ask us

they'll discuss with us and then they'll decide it so technically speaking it is violation of Bhutan sovereignty but they

have no choice because imagine can Bhutan different China I mean can Bhutan defend itself against

China you can't even imagine so that's why they need the help of India then so like that multiple equations will be

there but I think at least you got a broad idea so many issues will always be there yeah please let's write it

sovereignty another let's say the first definition

it refers to

yeah it refers to the ultimate decision making Authority

it refers to the ultimate decision making authority of the government or of

the state

ultimate decision-making authority of the government

State also you can tell India became Sovereign on

India became Sovereign on 26th Jan 1950.

India became Sovereign on 26 Jan 1950.

okay then below that it includes two types of sovereignty

two types it includes two types of sovereignty

first one is external sovereignty external sovereignty so what does that

mean as the name it says is it refers to

it refers to ability of a Nation

it refers to the ability of the nation it refers to the ability of the nation

to decide its to decide with external issues or

external Affairs external relations the ability of the nation to decide its

external relations so what can it be related to it can be related to signing of an international

agreement it can be

related to it can be related to signing of an

international agreement signing of an international agreement

signing of an international agreement are relationship with other countries

signing of an international agreement or relationship with other countries

relationship with other countries or or joining an International Group

multilateral group or joining an International Group

finds all those things we will take care of that we can write the examples you can write those examples for example

India recently India recently declined rejected to join

India recently rejected to join rcep

India recently rejected to join rcep so I see people in economy they would

have told this or even if you're not please write in margin I mean what is a full form Regional

comprehensive economic partnership

India declined rejected to join rcep you can also add India also rejected to

join Bri belt and Road initiative Regional comprehensive economic

partnership and India also rejected to join Bri build and Road initiative

belt and Road initiative clear that is external sovereignty then internal sovereignty you can just reverse it it

refers to the ability of the nation to decide its international issues

it refers to ability of the nation

it refers to the ability of the nation to decide

to decide its international issues sorry to decided internal issues

to decide its internal issues decided it's an issues you can write few

examples for example India's policy towards Kashmir issue or naxalism or Northeast

Insurgency or whatever kalistan problem India's policy towards Kashmir ratio

or naxalism Kashmir issue or nuxilism

r or Northeast Insurgency

Northeast residency will be decided by Indian government or state as a whole

not just necessarily Indian government as a whole will be decided by India also you can

write it can be legislature or government whatever totally India will take the

call so this is what you call as this um external internal now below that you

clarify however in practice however in practice for developing

countries like India however in practice

for developing countries like India

in practice for the developing countries like India ensuring sovereignty

is difficult or has challenges

ensuring or preserving is our Indie has challenges

ensuring 70 of ensuring or preserving sovereignty has challenges

fine so you can write that first one global constitutionalism

global constitutionalism so what does you first Define what do

you mean by that it means Global constitutionalism it means the

entire world globe it means the entire world

is subjected to

entire world is subjected to same rules and regulations

entire world is subjected to the same rules and regulations made by

made by write that International bodies like

made by International bodies like U.N World Bank IMF WTO Etc

made by the international bodies like un World Bank IMF WTO Etc

foreign for example if you want you can write

for example India's 1991 LPG reforms

India's 1991 LPG reforms

was based on the pressure of 1991 LPG reforms was based on the

pressure of IMF pressure of IMF India's export import

policy India's export import policy

India's export import policy is is based on

WTO recommendations is based on the WTO recommendations

fine you can also add that Neo Imperialism also affects

Neo Imperialism also affects developing countries or affects the sovereignty of

developing countries like India neo-imperialism also affects

Neo Imperialism also affects the sovereignty of

also affects the sovereignty of developing countries like India

developing countries so Global constitutionalism they're all interlinked fine if you want just like

that it refers to indirect control of the developed

countries through mncs or International bodies also actually

but I just separated both it refers to the indirect control of

developed countries on developing countries

indirect control of the developed countries on the developing countries through

mncs

okay so those are all sovereignty issues I think that's enough for this then socialist

second keyword

so this keyword also has a lot of first let's write some bare facts you can write that

this word was not mentioned in the original Constitution

this term this word this term was not mentioned

this term was not mentioned in the original Constitution

so obviously by now we have told multiple times when was it added

yeah so please write that it was added by

it was added by 42nd Amendment 1976.

it was added by 42nd CA Constitutional Amendment 1976.

fine you know just tell me

you might have heard three keywords like

foreign

so what is the difference

in capitalism the resources are free for for every individual is given an

opportunity to uh use those resources whereas in communism

the state owns all the resources and it distributes among its citizens

socialism is a kind of a mixture of water okay any other

um okay

[Music] but it's not profitable okay fine fine

so it's all subdivided actually you have a broad idea but it's not

exactly the same see you have to divide it into three angles first one is called as

so there are three aspects first I'll give you the basic then we'll go to the other aspects

so you need to take three aspects here one ship of the resources resources means it can be the land it can be the

finance it can be labor whatever you call it as then the manufacturing that means the company's plans Industries

machineries distribution if these things are in the control of Larry

private sector then you call it as capitalism

if it is largely in the control of State you call it as

socialism then by the definition by definition if it is in the control of

communism fine so we will get to that sir what do you mean by this community it's not so

easy because ideally it's it's an ideal one in Practical it is very difficult so this is the basic difference who owns

the resources who is in charge of manufacturing that means I answer I have my own so many Industries in that so

there was so much of thousands and thousands of crows lacks of course crores of crores of money Industries

everything that is you they own the resources they own the manufacturing plans they take

care of it they take care of distribution aspects also if it is done by private sector cap this is rigid

definition no country has 100 like this it's all I have like combination mix but

by definition of course you have to Define it some this is the definition definition so State and community

so this is basic idea but as I said so you might have heard of thinker called

as

Karl Marx so Karl Marx predicted that the world will move from capitalism to

socialism and then to Communism fine but the capitalism he was talking about was

you can call it as it's ultimately capitalism only but it was ruthless so what do you mean by

ruthless no emotion no sympathy so this was the capitalism which was there when

he was living means let's say early late 19th century 1870s 1880s during that time it was in the first Industrial

Revolution era it is a VST we are in fourth industrialization now our entering let's say fourth Industrial

Revolution he is talking about the first Industrial Revolution where the only concern for companies was to make profit

Force the children to work even the pregnant women to work even if like let's say employees lose their hand or

get fractured anything there is no compensation no minimum wages exploit as

much labor as possible from the people make as much profit as possible no lives

no absolutely nothing that's what you call it as what ruthless no emotions no

sympathies no labor rights nothing now hence what he felt if he can recall his

Karl Marx idea so he divides Society into broadly two called as

what haves and have-nots so this is the two way he divides the society into that

means you can divide Society into two groups he is he doesn't dissolve it based on what constant everything he for

him everything is based on economy so for him that's why they keep telling economy is the substrate of society for

him ultimately for him everything is decided by money by ownership by private property restaurant is secondary for him

that is this you may agree you may not agree that's different that is his theory Haves and have-nots Have Missed

haves are technically called as a way in his own words called as

bourgeois it's spelled as bourgeois it's a kind of a Prussian word probably a

Russian word Have Nots means

proletariat so you can typically call it as

disappoint fine so what he believed was that when the ruthless capitalism goes to the peak

Pig means the the explanation has gone to the pig then you will logically think who will revolt against whom then

proletariat will revolt against Bourgeois so then what he says is then

what you will have is socialism so there will control everything

government will control state will control everything certain control everything means what abolition of

private property means because ultimately Karl Marx believes owning ownership a private ownership of the

property is the core reason for all these kind of inequality in society is core belief my 30 40 side my land my

area I have 10 acres with my this is according to Karma's the base for all kinds of problems in society

fine for according to capitalist that is a base for actually farming a society so let's see how completely opposite the

thinking is now he says you should eliminate that ownership of Royal Property only then you can bring a change in society

hence when you go to socialism ideal socialism don't compare with Indian socialism then those are all different we'll discuss when you say Mark

Socialism or straight socialism absolutely zero ownership of private property means what sir I want 30 40

sites sir I have an industry sir I have this sir absolutely nothing then we will own everything sir

government will own everything even labor will also government one so what do you mean by government will own the

labor that means if the government tells you to go and work in your so-and-so industry you have to go and work in so-and-so industry

so that is the level there's so many in-depth so but basically that is called as social State socialism then what he

says let's say for example government owns everything ultimately When government owns everything means what someone someone is running the system

then correct So when you say state is in control of everything

then few people will become very powerful obviously who because when you say government

politicians are in charge of it then who will control

to an extend Army also but these two people will control a lot hence again he says after an extent that

is also a kind of exploitation then again the common man will Revolt then finally you will reach

communism which according to him is

it is not so easy it's an in-depth one but of course we can't discuss everything in detail here because this

is not an optionals related one basically this is the idea communism means there is no State sir what do you

mean by there is no State there is nothing like central government state government nothing there is no class

Rich power you have this property you have 10 acres I only have one acre nothing

so stateless classless society it's an egalitarian utopian ideal society which

you can't have it in reality but that's why it is what that's why it is what goal it's a goal not something

which is there now that's what you'll aim that is capitalism to socialism to

Communism no country can reach this it's not so easy it's an ideal one you have to keep trying to reach that when they

say Communist Party of China that doesn't mean China is like this what does it mean China is based on this

ideology according to them according to others they don't follow communism because they

follow something else it's a combination USSR when they say a Communist Party of USSR they were not like this they were

all actually what socialists they try to become this because they believe in Karma's ideology

so that is the core idea got it so what do you mean by basic difference between capitalism socialism

communism Indian socialism is different we'll come to that

fine then here itself we need to understand two number we keep telling in especially in

you might have heard sir I am Center left sir I am center right there extreme right there extreme left so many

arguments you might have heard so what is the basic difference between this left left right and Center

okay correct okay first let's go to the basic why is it called as right first of all what is right is different

correct

correct correct so the the this is the correct explanation the basic point was obviously in French they when they when

you understand French relation you'll get the radius divided into four Estates four states means take it as four classes the king the clergy that is the

Priestly class and the Nobles and the common man that kind of heaven and obviously because of huge exploitation

Commandments try to revolt that's a core it says it's a huge issue for insulation is a very complicated one basically then

what happened so when they were sitting in this huge discussions going on a lot of people were for the continuation of

the king and all those things a lot of people were against they used to fight with each other so then they decided whoever is in favor

of the king please come and stand on the right you go stand there just to avoid that fight that started to avoid the physical

Clash like how BJP Congress operation fights like that so stand to the right those who want to change the system or

against the king please come and stand on the left that is when the ideology of right and left started engine that's the origin

fine So when you say right in general you are saying that basically you are

means what let the existing system continue if this is the Constitution let the same

Constitution continue if this is Allah let the same law continue if this is a relationship between rich and poor same

law continue if this is a relation between high cost and low cost Let It Be Society has survive like this let it

keep continuing like this that is called as stethoscope and obviously then what do you mean by left

the moment you say left change that's why when you say right it is normally so

many keywords associated with right also you can call it as traditional you can call it as

conservative you can call it as Orthodox any words you can associate this is culturally

clear and normally again not hundred percent you can say normally Rich means for example let's say you are a rich

you're a very rich person now the moment you are rich that means are you benefiting from the system are you

getting affected by the system benefiting that means will you expect greater change in the system or you

don't want greater change obviously yes that's why normally right means you will be

pro-rich Pro middle class because they are all getting easily positively benefited

now in general again think let's say Pro Rich even your pro reach will you put more tax on them less tax on them

in general obviously when you say it is these are all to Define it governments don't function

exactly like this it's not so easy to identify First the difference so normally you are for Less tanks normally

you are for Less subsidies that means they tell let the market take

care of it why are you worrying why do you want to do everything for poor why are markets there let the businesses because let the businesses take care

means let who take care businesses that's it is completely reverse there

now when you say left they are normally what they call themselves or in general overall they are called as

progressives now obviously there for whom then

proper in Indian context if you say

if you put in Indian context

because the moment your SC means are you getting negatively affected because of the existing cost system or are you like

sir I'm very proud to be because I because the cast system gives me this position

obviously because you are given that position means what you have done nothing but your birth is giving you

that did you get it did you earn it nobody has earned anything because of birth but the cost that means if you

belong to that will you ask a change that take out the system or let the system continue will you ask

obviously because it goes against self-respect dignity hence you are calling for what then

change so that is in general pro we see Pro AC Pro St Pro minorities is what you call

it as left in general it may be a combination it's not so easy that's why I'm telling as a definition we have to

identify then normally therefore what

more tax the more tax you collect use it forward principle

more subsidies give it for the poor give it back this is normally the left and the right

fine so religion also if you take normally the right means it is always pro-religion

they will not affair they will not accept any kind of criticism largely or any forget about change criticism also

they will not accept and normally left is

against religion or they want changes in the religion because they'll always feel remember the

very famous statement of left means remember always in simple words when you say right you can associate with them

capitalist in simple words left means always take it socialist and

communist fine there's a very famous statement of Karl Marx which says that word religion is the Opium of masses so

what is it then see what he's supporting religion then he says religion is a tool which was

used by the people who are the so-called interpreters of the religion to control the other sections of society under

their whatever you call them as that's why they always say take it out

so this is the basic difference between left and right clear there's so many other things classical economics liberals

Libertarians multiple classification is there it is not so so easy but basic

classification is this towards left and right for example if you want to take it in Indian context BJP is typical right

party Congress is typical Center left but there are communist parties they are typical left

right so that's how you divided Ahmad my party tilted towards left because they always keep talking about what poor will

give them free this free that everything they'll religion they'll not talk too much they'll always keep talking about

poor so normally it is there BJP if you have heard the ideology now I don't even have to tell so you know that so

typically it is so that's how it is then you will have extreme words also it's all degree some

people are extreme of the left the extreme of the left in India or what you call so call call it as

the extreme of the left because they want completely change means what at least Communist Party of India says

let's keep changing something nuxils not change something these are they want Revolution

overthrow the system completely average private property is what they believe the extreme right in Indian context or

anywhere context is typical terrorists for example the talibans Osama bin

ladens or anybody's those are all typical extreme rights you have it's an extreme right white

supremacy you have white supremacy movements in U.S which means that word the name itself is white supremacy that

white race is the Supreme race other races are in that is also typical extreme right

got an idea basic what do you mean by left and right and and Center is somewhere you can be exact center nobody

is there you may be tilted towards a little bit there means Congress Center left you may be tilted towards a little

bit here like let's say uh what do you call as this party a little more towards it BJP a

little more towards their Communist Party extreme so like the resolved degree so you have

to take it in measure percentages got in India so this is how he was

building but India what they follow is what we call it as see this what you have written here

is in a way called as state Socialism or March socialism why is it called a state

socialism because state is controlling everything in Indian context we don't call it as state socialism we follow something

called as we follow Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism means in simple words we don't call for radical change we work

for because once for all if you say okay

let's abolish private property everyone else then from Tomorrow almost nobody will be poor you can't do like that in

society what should people who have learned so much what should they do then how will you redistribute the land how will you

distribute the money who will get the money who will get the industries so you can't do something like that

those are all it happens only in movies or novels fine so gradual change in society will feel and normally

Democratic socialism means take it as in general Pro poor

Pro children Pro women Pro BC

minorities so you work for their welfare elimination eradication of poverty

poverty removal so this kind of a goals is what Indian socialism has

fine so it is not like what what Karma says that not that socialism it is an

Indian version of socialism like this clear so pre-1991 also India was a mixed

economy even today if India is a mixed economy mixed economy means what they would have told any so both government

as well as private sector place he plays role pre-1991 it was more of government post

1991 it is more of private sector so that's the difference so India has

always been a mixed economy only got it so this is the socialism angle

what do you mean by various left right or Karl Marx because that was your claims question also last

2022 so Karl Marx what did he aim for even Gandhi was a kind of anarchist that's why Gandhi was a kind of

anarchist Anarchist means what Anarchist means someone who was against

strong government Gandhi was a kind of anarchist because this was inspired by Leo tolstein's idea

Leo tolstein would have heard a Russian thinker Leo tolstein was also a kind of anarchist so Anarchist means against

strong state that means he did not want governments

to be to have more power because he felt if the governments have more power they'll misuse it they will use it for

violence so common man will be exploited hence one of the way of Gandhi means one

of the goal is here even he wanted something like

he wanted people to govern themselves this is a commonality between whom and

whom Gandhi and Marx but Gandhi did not call for what

but Gandhi was against

he was against the pollution of sorry abolition of private property he did not

say abolish completely no he did not say that he was Far trusteeship model of economy

he was for trusteeship model of economy trusteeship model means what that means earn as much

as you can let's say you're an industrialist you have a very good idea please make your business earn as much as you can but don't think that the

money you got there profit you got there is your personal wealth don't think like that you are using that money on behalf

of the others that means you are just a trustee you are not the winner of the Prophet you don't personally Own It

hence what you have to do according to Gandhi and idea of thrustership model you have to use that profit back for the

society's welfare because Society has given you that money ultimately people buy the products this is the idea so you

have to give it back to the society that's what is today typically we call it as

what Corporate social responsibility you

corporates have to give it back to the society that is Gandhi and trusteeship model of economy

at least got a broad idea yeah so any doubt still here

the socialism one you can keep copying all these things I don't have to explain again

so just copy this first then we'll write why India then sir it

was soaked if it was so clear why did they not mention the word socialism in original Constitution then that will write it first let's copy this copy the

basics first

he was against the concept of strong State strong governments and his

ultimate goal was stateless ultimate huh that's why you always keep talking

about let the people rule themselves grammar swaraj so then people should rule themselves Village republics so

ideally what will happen ideally not like at present or something where a period he built so State it's a concept

of State itself is not necessary it doesn't happen anytime it's a thinking

so this is the Karl Marx angle

I mean most of you might have studied these things either in your graduation or or even in economy to an extent they

would have told but in graduation they may till the normal way how we in any graduation in

India happens it is the same way so just whatever for exam just study for

example

see the entire world is divided like the Cold War which happened for 50 years 40 45 years was based on him Karl Marx

his ideas led to Cold War his ideas led to Russian Revolution he did not do any

Revolution he just wrote book articles that led to so-called linen stalins this

that's whatever so many things in Cold War even today so much of left to right imagine how much happens on your media

every day and they would left right left right so because of the ideological base given

by Karl Marx

it is very difficult to follow Mars it is very difficult to completely reject

him also so it's like that it's somewhere in between what he said is not 100 correct

what he said is not 100 false also so you can't reject him completely if that

was the case it ideology would not have survived so long

this is the goal

exactly USA's typical typical capitalism it is

actually the world's best example for capitalism in fact there's another one we'll write it later a concept called as

laissez-faire State laissez-faire state is based on you might have heard a cons person called as Adam Smith they might

have told you an economy Adam Smith's ideas was implemented by U.S Karl Marx idea was implemented by USSR

that's why you had cold war between us and USSR

they are all typical Theocratic they for them all these ideologies don't matter typical religion based it's a theocracy

so this kind of heaven doesn't apply to them because they have not allowed any other ideologies to penetrate there if

Karma's penetrates there then the idea of the base is what Islam the base will get affected that's why normally

wherever religion is strong they will hate Karl Marx

of course even they they don't follow communism any kind of wherever you have religion take it in simple words there

you will not have marks there you will have right wherever religion is strong

and so it is remember the very famous statement I think I told you yesterday or I don't know it may have been today's class morning I was telling there's a

very famous statement in India which says there is no left left in India and in in India right has never been

right that's a very famous statement in Indian ideology which which is largely true

also there is no left left in India and right has never been right in India

well that is one

because every one or two years upsc keeps asking about Marx one or other way so last year you had a UPS essay

statement which was I forgot the exact statement

you have nothing to lose but something is there that's also Karl March statement only

quick quick

I think

theories left looks much more better for a room but why it has failed so much

because the point is they don't support businesses and markets so easily they are against you can write that also

against against

they are normally against Market business

so if you are against market and business what will happen see the core Instinct of human being is to any human

being you take self-interest he wants to get to the top let's say so many people are there so

it's seven lakh people will apply will anybody say no no on I will I will skip myself I said you become a yes

will anybody say that the core interest the core aspect of human being is self-interest and

communism goes against that core aspect itself everybody wants to grow more achieve

more earn more live a better life better in the sense in terms of overall things

but normally they do because because Karma's is against the private property itself Because he believes let's think about

larger welfare but people don't think about larger welfare so it's it's very easy to tell

but how will you think that's why there is liberals liberal is a combination liberal means what they

tell is so they also call for change in the cultural aspect plus they also call

for greater Freedom they are in general are freedom freedom is what personal aspects limit to people even in the

market also leave it to people that is liberals liberal means the name it says is more of freedom

but communist means what or left means government controls everything Liberals are against control so liberals is a

combination of both they take the best Premiere best from there so that is liberals that's why remember

they keep telling but mostly tilted towards left only that's why they keep telling the so-called liberal so-called liberals they keep criticizing because

they always call for change especially in conserve what religion aspect cultural aspects all those things

don't worry much it's a very very in-depth one it will keep on going you can keep discussing for months about this

because each and everything you can link it to this any policy any law any scheme any idea

broadly just understand that's it

Scandinavian countries the way the government so that's all come it's a

it's a liberal one that means what they allow private sector to achieve as much as you can but government will work for

this one and religion wise everything they are all left wise that's right it's a liberal one but

largely Center left globally for a long time it is Central

left which has succeeded in the recent one two decades what has happened because of the so many issues and

failures especially the social media impact right has become very very powerful which is reflected in India

also look at it everywhere BJP ones because it's the rough right across not just in

India Donald Trump right then again we just came back using Joe Biden that's a different issue but in

general last 10 15 years maybe another fight 10 years he's thereof right

that's how it is it's a cycle keep on changing over a period of time I

mean Rahul Gandhi is also responsible that's a different issue but overall globally also I'm telling

[Music] so India follows this

this way you get another two keywords so India is actually

correct

India's is actually this egalitarianism egalitarianism means an

ideology which tries to ensure

or achieve towards equality not in just what not likely let's say wealth everything should be equal status

opportunities that kind of an egalitarianism and we follow something called us because nehru used to follow

it that has a huge impact on Indian Society we follow something called as

that itself is Fabian socialism means it was followed

by a group Fabian Society in UK that led to

that is in every inspiration for Democratic socialism

right then you need a slide this one also you can copy because just

write in margin because Carl marks came up this is where you had the question also

that's why I wrote this 2022 please question this one

what is the commonality between Gandhi and Marx

Gandhi is actually a very complicated one religion was

actually he was Pro means he did not want greater change if you have heard

Gandhi's views like look at Gandhi's and ambedkar Gandhi in the beginning in fact

did not go against the system also later when America started to attack him very

fiercely let's abolish untouchability retain the

caste system is still told so that way is actually conservative wise he is actually a typically tilted towards left

towards right fine

but the the various the major modern thinkers like Northern thinkers or

Modern India Builders right from ambedkar to nehru to whatever most of them are all consulted little tilt out

towards left only Center left the major right tail towards economy

came up because of 1991 It's a combination you have to think economically right is good

socially left is good socially culturally means what you always have to add that that's a

bare balance but ensuring that is highly impossible

because India is a very very diverse Society you'll always have a challenge

this trusteeship model is inspiration for CSR

fine now you write the reason why it was not mentioned in original Constitution

in the constituent assembly in the constituent assembly

in the constituent assembly members decided

members decided not to mention the term

members decided not to mention the term

not to mention the term socialist in preamble members decided not to mention the term

socialist in preamble because what is the reason

because they did not want to impose because they did not want to impose any

economic ideology they decided not to mention the term socialist in preamble

because they did not want to impose any economic ideology on the people means

let the people decide who are we to tell socialism is good or capitalism is good when you are telling democracy what is

the belief let them decide if they want to support that kind of a one five minutes

so that is a one socialism

fine that is the reason so then obviously during it was included by which one 42nd Amendment 1976 one

obviously because Indira Gandhi was more tilted towards left in fact there's a very famous statement which says Indira

Gandhi was more left than nehru means she was more Pro because of political reasons and so many and to obviously by

the time India had become very close to USSR so that impact was also there broadly a kind of political angles the

term was included there is a lot of controversy also surrounding a lot of people say let's remove this word but that it's not so

easy you may take out but ultimately courts have to accept to that that is broadly about because they did not want

to impose any ideology clear that there is one angle there is second keyword now just let's deliberate

any other things okay fine now the third key word please mention

we just discussed broadly then we'll take a break secularism

let's write the definition discussion we'll do it after the break fine yeah below

political systems across the world political systems across the world

can be divided into various types

political systems across the world can be divided into

various types can be divided into various types based

on the relationship between divided into various types

depends on the relationship between State and religion

based on relationship between State and religion

State and religion so under that first one

atheist atheist state

says what does that mean here the state is against religion

first one is yet East State here state is against religion

so normally you don't have as of now but in general you can say example Communist States

because as we just told the Karl Marx one so because normally they are against legit example Communist

States means Communist States means USSR at one

in ten China in one extent not today earlier atheist steps then the next one

T star

Theocratic state Theocratic state

so again the name it says is what does it mean here there is an officially declared

religion of the state here there will be there this kind of typically Pro

-religion here there will be official religion or officially declared

religion of the state here there will be officially declared religion of the state so many are there

for example the best ones example Israel Pakistan West Asian Nation Saudi all of

them are typical Theocratic example Israel use juice Pakistan obvious Bangladesh

also to an extent and this West station is obvious so the you know I get on all of them

theoretic Iraq is different now because so much of issues fine that is then the third one is your

secular state

Fine Again lot of types are there another first let's write the basic one here there is no official religion of

the state here there is no official religion of

the state no official religion of the state

by definition here there is no official religion of the state by

definition state will not interfere in religious affairs by definition

state will not interfere

state will not interfere in religious of s

is religion will not interfere in the state activities of the state

by definition state will not interfere in religious Affairs and religion will

not be the base or interfere in the activities of the state

fine here examples France U.S India so many most of the

democracies what you call it as most of them are this France U.S India Etc again there are

differences under this that all we'll discuss what do you call it as Western negative secularism Indian

or positive secularism Eastern secularism how Indian secularism is different from France criticisms all

those things we'll discuss let's take some break

foreign

second one is Theocratic and third one is secular State Fine Again

subdivide we'll write few points and then we'll discuss first one is Western

Western or French

stun or friends are negative negative doesn't mean again I have already told you negative

positive in polity doesn't mean good or bad it means what negative means doesn't tell us something positive means allow

something western or French or negative or rigid

or rigid secularism

Western or you can write European everything Western

or French more rigid

or negative secularism so what does that mean and always

remember France is the country which is the origin for the idea of which one

secularism the idiom secularism originated in France to reduce the impact of church or clergy on the state

fine so basically this is if you want country wise you can just write that France is the origin of the ideology of

secularism in India we have it but it's a bit different idea

France is the origin country country of origin for secularism ideology secularism idea

fine now when you mean by look at it negative means what then complete separation between

complete separation between religion and State that's what he is called it as negative

or French complete separation between religion and State complete separation between religion and

state means what both will not interfere in each other's affairs of course forget about official religion

all those things is obvious there is no official religion both will not interfere in each other's affairs

both will not interfere in each other's office that is the ideal rigid one

when you can also write below both will not interfere in each other's Affairs

each other's activities the next one ideally I mean if you go by rigid one

ideally religious symbols not allowed in public place

ideally religious symbols are not allowed in public place that

means you cannot carry your religious symbols into the public places

religious symbols are not allowed into publicness then no special Provisions for religious minorities

no special Provisions for these are all words friend secularism we are telling no special Provisions for

religious minorities no special Provisions for the religious

minorities clear so this is largely negative now reverse it Eastern

so this is what we need to discuss a bit in detail Easter or Indian

Eastern or Indian are flexible

or positive secularism all we know one another way means the same

Eastern or Indian or some people also called as Asian also but it's fine

flexible positive secularism that means what we have here there is a positive approach towards religion so clarify

what does that mean here here

state will have here the state will have equal respect

here state will have equal respect or equal treatment equal respect or treatment for all the

religions here the state will have equal respect

or treatment for all the regions

equal respect or treatment for all the religions clear so that is the point so then what

will they have then next Point State keep reading in points first one state can interfere it's not must or will

state May State can or may interfere in the

religious matters state may interfere in the religious

matters sir how do you say that example Constitution itself abolishes

untouchability article 17.

state may interfere in the religious matters example Constitution itself

abolishes untouchability article 17.

Supreme Court judgments in

Supreme Court's judgments in case

supreme court judgment in sabrimala case triple talak case

Supreme Court judgments in shabrimala case and triple talaq case

triple tala case find that is my next one

state May state may provide special Provisions for

minorities state may provide special Provisions for

the religious minorities

state may provide special Provisions for religious minorities example

state may provide special Provisions for religious minorities example article 29 and 30 of the Constitution

or just write example article 29 and 30. anyhow details we discuss in fundamental rights chapter

example article 29 and 30. and then religious symbols are allowed

in public place or else 90 of Indians cannot come out

then obviously it's because it's so integral part of our Lives it's absolutely fine

religious symbols are allowed in public place

for this for this you don't have any article it's broadly part of your freedom of religion article 25.

religious symbols you can write 25 if you want freedom of religion religious symbols are allowed in public

place if you want bracket you can write article 25 freedom of religion

fine so this is the difference between French model and Indian model so

obviously remember when the now what do you call as this this was a

2020 2020 means question I think so they had asked that what can France learn

from India's secularism actually India's secularism what we wrote now is globally considered as the best model of

secularism reason it is able to accommodate diversity it does not have a

negative perception towards religion it allows religious symbols in public places also you should just have a

balance but in France why did you have that kind of a secularism model the reason is obviously because to avoid the

interference of Priestly class or so called the clergy or the church whatever you call them as in the government issues

a typical French Revolution because at that time church was very very powerful during the

river just now we told four states was there during that time to avoid that they came up with this idea but it

worked in France for a few centuries or let's say a few decades reason at that time there was no other major religion

Christianity was more or less 95 90 more or less everybody were Christians so

automatically it's fine but now what will happen like let's say the two after second world war after

globalization effect even in France there are so many people who have come from African countries some Asian

countries Latin American countries they are people who practice Islam seek what

do you call us Hindus everybody have gone there now what will happen you can't tell all of a sudden for them not

to get their religious because remember in even in France burka has become an issue turban the Sikh turbans has become

an issue so these are six six people growing the that has become an issue because they feel that word you should

all keep all your religious symbols in the private space is what they believe ideally rigidly if you follow that how

do you expect a you know normal typical traditional Muslim girl to come out then or how do you expect a typical what do

you call as the sick person can you expect that without it's obviously it's not possible

that means that we lead to all these issues that's the reason France should undergo chains to follow this model

but India is also not easy but because in India also you have a lot of issues so some people say that the last year's

ejap ban issue all those things is all typical they say there's a very famous criticism which says France is trying to

move towards India India is moving to trace towards India is trying to move towards France

so because let's say whatever that's all subjective opinions but basic Point largely it has worked but the criticism

is what see we have told a point saying state may interfere in religious matters

for example you have written shabrimala Judgment of supreme court but that itself is controversial you might have

seen for example lot of people said why should Supreme Court interfere religious matters who are you to interfere is the question

also a lot of people ask we will decide our religious matters why are you interfering is one argument another argument is when

women rights sir when women equality and all those things come up how can Supreme Court be silent because Supreme Court is

a guarantor of fundamental rights can Supreme Court sit still and then is another argument so it depends on

again it depends on left to right if you are right you say Supreme Court should not have interfered if you're tilted

towards right even if left you'll say if Supreme Court doesn't interfere who else will interfere then

so it depends on the arguments that you decide on your own because if I tell something then it will become another

issue so basic point is this is supreme court judgment same thing is for triple

triples are like more or less is a great it was needed it was a good judgment is still kind of uh you know tilting is

there that's the reason it is given to a review binge means Supreme Court had given that judgment by five judges

four one four people said women should be allowed and if you don't know four were men and

four of the men said women should be alone one was Justice Hindu Malhotra and Justice Hindu Malhotra said women need

not be alone let the authorities let the sabrimana temple authorities make the rules

see how how we we may you may expect that women will stand for women not necessary because so many arguments will

be there now hence they have given it to seven judgments means they have given it for a review Supreme Court has said okay fine

we'll re-look into the Judgment again so hence it is given to a seven judge until the Judgment comes the present

judgment will stay

can you link to religion itself is a question here Supreme Court is also looking into

jalika to issue but in jelly cut to issue they have brought the culture versus animal rights issue you can't

link so easily to religion because it's not part of the kind of religion one but other hijab issue you can link to

religion because the Quran the hadiths and all those thing angle so Karnataka

High Court had given a judgment saying so that way if you don't know the Judgment a lot of people feel that hijab is banned hijab is not banned please

take the word judgment clearly high court has told that Karnataka judgment this is had said that only within the

classroom you should maintain uniformity getting a point and this is only for

school children I think at maximum for po not for the typical now here if you have some that doesn't follow matter

it's only for school where you have the uniform concept only there and the to where

in the classroom when you're sitting for class let's say outside the classroom this concept doesn't apply according to

Karnataka high court judgment a lot of people feel hijab is man ijam is not bad hijab is not allowed in the classroom is

the present day Karnataka high court judgment that was questioned in Supreme Court in two judgments means to do

judges sad on that issue and they have given a split verdict split verdict in the sense one person said Karnataka

equal judgment is not good I am going against it that means it should be alone so because the it cannot

be right to dress privacy some religion issues so many things came up there

another person said no no what they have told is correct let's go for equality uniform and all those things

another person says now if you are apply the same thing then what about turban then what about what do you call as this

how many things will come up then so then it's an unrending issue

because if you argue for the same thing that says it's a religious issue it should not be allowed in public place there is no end for that argument

they're not about turban then because that is also told by Khalsa as a

concept remember in Sikh religion you made people from Punjab also five kids they tell Kesh

and there's another one five case they tell culturally German that also issue will come up then then the issue of

kumkums mangalsutras vibhutis gandas everything will come up then where is

the end if you touch those issues

that's what that's what exactly same exactly that's the same issue will come up for others also then

huh yeah if the court says that yes it is an essential practice you'll be allowing them or else no the same

concept if you apply to Destin then that's what is the issues then this is core issue is same only then if

you decide it then you the the point we are trying to say is then you will be it's like opening like a Pandora box

where is the end so we have to wait for supreme court judgment there is no plus because there

are parliaments for there are arguments against a lot of people say sir what's happening in your answer when women are

asking why are Indian women asking for this then but see it is about Freedom of Choice everywhere means what if a Muslim

girl a Muslim girl wants to wear a hijab Freedom of Choice allow it if another Muslim girl says no I don't want to wear

it allow it that's the point that's the core point of constitution but

that the Supreme Court judges have to say as of no it's stuck there

no any reforms no no no no no no

no by rigid definition ideal definition of extreme secularism state in the sense

legislature or that's why we have written State means no legislature no executive no Judiciary will interfere

even if a religious reform is needed the idea is if religious reform is

needed religion will reform itself people will reform itself why are why do you have to interfere but in India it's

not like that in India Judiciary has taken up the role that's why a lot of people criticize it also saying judicial

papism that means why is judiciary acting like a purp who gave you that power why are you getting into religious

matter let them decide is one argument as I said it's like you can keep arguing here

and there I'm just giving you multiple arguments so that you get a broad idea got it there are criticisms of Indian

model also broadly is fine and now write the criticism India's criticism

huh Constitution

not basis of secularism article 25 because article 25 and calls there's a

concept called as we'll discuss in fundamental rights there's a concept called as doctrine of essentiality or doctrine of essential practices it

was given in a very Landmark case it means doctrine of essential or

essentiality or essential practices means finally Supreme Court will determine if a practice is essential

part of religion or not if Supreme Court says yes you can practice it if Supreme

Court says no you cannot practice it that's the core issue also how are you

to tell is the core argument the other the counter for that who else you have to tell is a quarter argument

so it depends on you take it or you not take it kind of even for example well this is a issue

which would have come up in fundamental rights in Jainism there's a concept called as santara practice which is

called as fast unto death Rajasthan High Court once had said it is not part of essential practice it is almost equal to

suicide suicide like that it came to Supreme Court Supreme Court said first point is

it mentioned in normally deserve the refer is it mentioned by like let's say what the founder of like mahavira or

some other thinker I mean thinker in the sense religious founder or whatever you call them as if the answer is yes okay

that means it is mentioned by the religious one then two what they'll cross refer is is it forged on others

if it is forced another Supreme Court will not allow then is it violating someone's under someone's you live

yourself is it violating someone else's fundamental rights if the answer is no Supreme Court will lastly allow it

lastly that's how it is function till now the Supreme Court said who are we to tell not why to follow why not to follow

Supreme Court said let's allow it but the check came within humans a student

in Hyderabad who was 12 year old said I am a Reincarnation of mahavira now I will practice

now this is very common in India we know that how can a 12 year say that I am reincarnation and how do you you may as

a follower believe it how can Supreme Court believe your reincarnation what is the proof Muslim everybody will tell in India obviously you know if you

come to South everybody will tell and follow I am Reincarnation of Sai Baba how do you believe it if someone says I'm real how do I am

Reincarnation of how do you believe it so there is no logic there is no reason

there is no proof for it then this you don't bring these arguments here so suppose God said if

you are a major above 18 then you take the call if you have to be in your rational conscious mind if you are below

18 Supreme Court said nothing doing first goes to go to school so you would finish your school things then you take

the call later so don't bring in religion at the age of 11 12 saying reincarnation is that absolutely no

chance and that is how it is if if Supreme Court doesn't allow it imagine what in the world think about it then

imagine from the world perspective Supreme Court of India the Constitutional Authority the so-called

guarantor fundamental rights ultimate interpreter of constitution saying that yes I agree or reincarnation means what

should the word think obviously hence so many issues will be

there because India is a very very complex country you can't imagine the more you understand you will and you'll get it you you can't put it in one box

so n number infinity box you have to put to that level you have diversity here

yes

interpreter of religious issues yes yes as of nowhere not really just

culture in a way overall what is allowed in a religion what is not allowed yes Supreme Court doctrine of essential practices

correct it doesn't over interfere but largely as Sansa is correct

fine yeah so let's write the criticism then in a way we have discussed fundamental rights religion also to a

large extent now criticism of India's model first major criticism

the concept is not rooted in India because where did you which which country you borrow it from

France first major criticism the concept is not rooted based in India

the concept is not rooted in India

fine second criticism state may misuse the provision

state may misuse the provision

state may misuse the provision to over interfere in religious matters that's what is one of the criticisms on

Judiciary also state may misuse the provision to over interfere in religious matters

to over interfere in the religious matters is a chat box working or not

to over interfere in the religious matters then three it is criticized that

Indian model favors wood Bank politics this is a ncert criticism only that's

why I'm mentioning others I would not have mentioned this it is criticized that

Indian model of secularism or Indian secularism favors favors in the sense or might be misused

as Indian secularism may be misused for

what bank politics what that means you understand that you

try to favor one religion and that kind of a one it can be Congress for minorities they criticize BJP for Hindus

they criticize whatever angles that it can be misused for World Bank politics fine then but largely argue Indian

secularism is based on Indian secularism is based on

server Dharma summon via principle

principle sarva Dharma samanbaya principle

equal respect or treatment for all the religions based on

sarva Dharma samanwaya principle

so this is secularism what is frenzicalism what is Indian secularism how some criticism is there and all

those things now the four again the same one clarifying it was not mentioned in

original Constitution

it was not mentioned in original Constitution because

it was not mentioned in original Constitution because Indian secularism varies from

secularism so when it varies then you have to tell how does it vary then

because Indian secularism differs from secularism

fine so then when you mention the word what will others argue how are you mentioning the word secular because secularism means definition is accepted

accepted definition is This Global definition is this so then people would have questioned how

are you calling yourself a secular and then how are you interfering in untouchability religious minority issue because ideally means what you don't

interferes in their matters they should not interfere in your matters then how are you interfering then

so the issues will come up that's why they said will not mentioned because all these have happened in Constitution assembly

debate itself right again clarify hence hence it was only implicit in the

original Constitution implicit means what it was there but it was not mentioned

hence it was only implicit so you understand that word implicit and explicit right explicit command love

that word is that word you'll find in the constitution is called as explicit implicit means you will not find the

word but the meaning is the same however secularism was implicit in the

original Constitution right of course you know when was it added the

same if you want you write or you know by now when how was it added same it was at its same because obviously she

wanted to convey a message that we are for the minorities that kind of OBC is C

that can happen political reasons Supreme Court has already declared it as

part of basic structure now what you can do you can't take away the term fatalism so easily because Supreme Court will be

a obstacle there you may take out the word socialism because socialism is not part of basic structure

so those are all it's a big game removing the word is not so easy remember there are criticism saying that

this is pseudo secular let's remove it all those things you can't remove so easily because it's already part of basic structure

foreign

correct correct but the if you mention it explicitly what will happen the meaning is more that means you are

openly declaring it that itself will have a symbolic impact now if you remove that what is

apprehension now today you are removing this tomorrow what will you do so that kind of a fear may start

hence because Supreme Court has already declared it as part of basic structure technically it is not so easy to remove

socialist maybe we don't know secularism is very very difficult

fine yeah huh

no no that they have not done they have just that's what that's what is the loophole then it go to it it went to Supreme Court Supreme Court has appended

politicians will do it for multiple reasons ultimately it is Left To whom Supreme Court to take the final current

Supreme Court said yes the 42nd amendment is valid so it's valid

is part of basic structure then you can't or you know remove the word

foreign yeah added by 42nd Amendment 1976 that you if

you want you add it or it's fine huh

U.S also largely the same correct yes also that's why you're told western western means most of the western

democracies that's why it is now there are a lot of changes even in

U.S if you have seen recently in California University or somewhere they have allowed even kirpan to be carried

for the six they have told what what is the measure of the keep on everything they have made rules now because the

sixth Point wanted to carry it and the university said nothing in India it is different in India if you don't know

article 25 explicitly says kirper is part of Sikh religion because remember if you want to carry an

arm it's not so easy if you want to carry a sword or something it's not allowed only people who follow sick

religion are allowed to follow it a lot of people criticize that also a lot of people say no it's part of the

religion it doesn't harm so it's like so many arguments are there no you can't take it so easily because

if you start to taking it then you know the impact

foreign to various interpretations it has been

followed in Hinduism for a very very long time that's why it was said if

might not be there but they will go back to their way of interpreting when they go back

when they go back to how has it been followed as a part of largely religion how many have have told about it then so

ultimately because if violation of fundamental rights

which one a social also but social is also an implemented impacted by religion

you can't exactly 100 differentiate

yeah these arguments will always be there I mean that's why it's it's also deep issue so that is secular then the

next word Democratic because Preamble involves a lot of discussions

sir what do we include in basic structure that we'll discuss don't worry so concept is yet to come

Democratic let's write few points or democracy

so firstly the same it is based on the principle of popular sovereignty

it is based on principle of popular sovereignty

online students any doubts please ask there will discuss

it is based on the principle of popular sovereignty so what does popular 70 means here

yeah it means people are the ultimate edition makers

it means people are the ultimate decision makers

so now we'll discuss a little bit in depth direct and indirect clarify first one

it can be classified into two types based on the people's participation

it can be classified into two types

classified into two types based on people's participation

based on people's participation let's write the points first one direct democracy

direct democracy so as the name itself says what is it here people will directly participate in

the governance process here

people will directly participate here people will directly participate in

governance process people will directly participate in the

governance process and again clarify there are four tools

there are four tools of direct democracy tools tools means the ways in which you

participate four tools of direct democracy first one initiative

four tools of direct democracy first one is initiative so initiative the name

itself is what does that mean here yeah here people themselves can

initiate Allah or a policy

here people themselves can initiate

people themselves can initiate Allah or policy

if I will write examples later when you understand so that's why I keep leaving some spaces margin or somewhere then to

recall remember they keep discussing about a concept called as right to recall recall

so what does that mean then it refers to

it refers to the power of the people or on a provision for the people anything

it refers to the power of the people to call back their representatives

power of the people to call back the representatives before the completion of

the term power of the people to call back the representatives elected representatives

before the completion of the term

before completion of the term fine so that is right to recall sir is

it there in India is it not there then we'll discuss that discussion part is later let's write definitions three referendum

referendum so clarify what does that mean it refers

to it refers to voting of the people on important issues

important legal or policy issues you can write it refers to voting of the people or

voting by the people on important legal or policy issues

legal or politician policy policy issues again clarify and expand their itself

normally referendums are binding on the governments so whatever people have told

you should listen to it normally referendums

are binding on the government

it is binding on the government clear then plebiscite ple B

l e b i s c i t lebiscides

again the same did we mention all these things okay maybe okay I forgot because two

classes are being run I keep forgetting which class what we it refers to

voting of the people it refers to voting of the people

on territorial matters territorial issue it refers to voting of the people on the

territorial matters so what is territorial matters we'll get to that on the territorial matters

clarify again normally plebiscides are not binding on the government

normally plebiscides are not binding on the government

right so these are the core four tools of direct democracy again I have clarified in the beginning itself at

present you go across any any what is so called democracy any democracy you go all of the democracies are all what

indirect democracy because practically it is impossible to have what kind of democracy direct democracy you cannot

expect a commandment to come and take part in the governance process day in day out it is not possible at all

fine ideally you can tell people should participate all those things correct we should promote no doubt about it all

those things but you can't expect them to function like a bureaucrat or a politician day indoor because what should because they have their own other

issues obviously and what about knowledge issues so many issues are there so hence all of them are indirect

within indirect what they may do direct they may follow for example you look at initiative the name itself as

initiate means what Common Man P Common People themselves are initiating a policy or a scheme or

something else for example in India you have concept called as grama Sabha in gram Sabha have you heard a very famous

scheme called as mg Nora Mahatma Gandhi National rural employment guarantee act if you have not heard it basic Whatever

by an obviously under engineering minimum one third of the schemes are

decided by the gram Sabha means what people of the village so in

simple words people of the village will decide how minimum one third of the

money under narega will be spent in their village now who is taking the call here then

people that's what is initiative people will decide it fine when you see keep telling let the

people decide whether that is initiative now you can cross question the courses are in recall however you talking about

electric that's what I'm telling it is a direct democracy within indirect now recall means what medicine for example

what is the term of Lok Sabha MP five five years as of no MLA five years let's say you elected in a million or MLA or

MP obviously they would have promised so many things before elections it's more than obvious let's say two years

happened three years happened you are not happy with their performance you know what is recall then

what does we call the Navy cells is you will have the power to take him out of

the position because you elected him what you can also do it take him out not in the next election

what are we telling before itself before five years that is called as right to recall in India as of

now there is no Recon option for MPS or MLS or mlcs

we follow right to recall for municipalities in some states like madhya Pradesh like I think jharkhand

Rajasthan even there in haryana recently they have tried to introduce it for uh

panchayat but in general in India you can take it right to recall option is not there if you are not happy with the

MLS or MP performance what is the only option you have you have next election there you take the call before that in

India right to recall is not there not just in India most of the major democracies you would not have it in U.S

in some of the states they have it again not followed so practically it's very difficult because always what will

happen within two years or who knows within one year you may change MLA another year how many times will you

change considering India's context one emotional issue people will open and

change one issue obviously we change one major issues opinion my emotional completely

shift itself complete then again change again another one year another emotional another change how long will you change

it already people are suffering because of instability a lot of instabilities are

there now that's why it's practically a lot of challenges are there we may come up with it we never know there are there

are care spending in Supreme Court you just call for right to recall also so Supreme Court has also not given judgment Constitution has also not been

amended so as of now you don't have it clear then three is referendum means what for

example remember I told you that in that takes example I might have told you in Chile remember that that is referendum

so people of Chile were asked are you happy or do you want these changes in Constitution you say yes we'll take it

you say no will not that is called as referendum is also the same but here what are you

asking about you are asking about do you want to stay in the country or you want to get out of the country

you want to join X country or Y country if you ask that question to the people what does it become then it becomes

plebiscite that's why remember the very famous criticism against nehru what is it that unfortunately he had promised a

plebiside for the people of Kashmir is the major criticism fine that criticism is there that

because during that time signing of instrument of accession they had promised it of course that is not later than he had present there is no option

for that but that is a criticism because they had said we will ask the people of Kashmir do they want to join India or

stay independent that means you are deciding a territorial issue

people of Scotland are demanding a plebiscite that they want to get out of what UK so that's a plebiscite

people of Catalonia are demanding a plebiscite they want to get rid of Spain getting the points so those are all like

let's say you may you have Russia Ukraine war going on in Ukraine you have an area called as Crimea

mea so creamy actually belongs to Ukraine so in 2015 2016 Russia attacked

Crimea and what they did they conducted the Privacy there and there you have lot many Russians russian-speaking people

and the people of Crimea said or at least according to Russia because Russia conducted the election according to U.S

itself what rigged means fake this one but according to Russia people have Crimea have voted that they will join

Russia there is no geographical link between them means it is not attached

but they have connected and said crimeans have voted to join Russia Today Crimea is considered as not part of

Ukraine part of Russia that is what plebiscides normally books

and media they use the common term referendum for everything but there is a small difference between as I said

in Indian context normally we don't follow plebicide also we don't follow

referendum also because considering India's diversity if you

give it for yes sir because you are only asking yes or no

and most of these issues you can't decide in yes or no it's in a gray area you kind of complete it's it's not like

a science question right yes sir no gravity is there or not you can't decide questions quality questions like that

hence it is very difficult very very challenging to subject India to referendum and plebiscite let's say for

example if you ask the people of India you want other or not how will a common man understand what is

the implication of other first point to how do you decide yes or no it is not so easy to tell a sir no

you want this amendment or not let's say GST before GST if you ask you want GST to be passed or not how will your Common

Man understand even now a lot of people don't understand the complexities of GST if you ask a common man what in detail

how do you bring a reform then practically it's very very challenging

that's why and considering India 140 crore gun so that's why it is better we don't

follow at least referendum employee side so easily let's leave it to the the only best

better option is of course media is there still that's a different issue Parliament has to take the call

clear yeah so write these examples now where you have written initiative there you write the grams of example for

example for example gram sabar decides

for example gram Sava decides the activities to be taken

the activities to be implemented anything the activities to be implemented under

mg in araga mg energy the activity is to be implemented under

mg and rgga in their Village in their gram panchayat

in their Village

clear that is initiative then recall you clarify in India

in India this option is not available

in India this option is not available with respect to MPS or MLS or mlcs

in India this option is not available with respect to MPS or MLS or mlcs

when it is available with respect to municipalities Urban local bodies

it is available with respect to municipalities not in the constitution in some states

it is available with respect to municipalities in some states like madhya Pradesh

in some states like madhya Pradesh but what is the point even there even there practically it's not

implemented even in that state even in mp

it is not practically implemented

even there it is not practically implemented

it is not practically implemented clear then referendum example you can give

for example recently in Chile

recently in Chile referendum was conducted with respect to

Constitution Amendment recently in Chile

referendum was conducted referendum was conducted with respect to

Constitution Amendment with respect to Constitution Amendment

fine then for plebecile you can write people of Scotland

people of Scotland in UK people of Scotland in UK

Catalonia in Spain people of Scotland UK

Catalonia cata yellow Spain

are demanding referendums sorry are demanding plebiscite

are demanding plebiscite

well then again democracy is not so easy clarify again below

I just sum up in one length that's indirect or electoral or representative

democracy indirect or electoral

indirect or electoral or representative democracy

representative democracy so what does that mean here

people's Representatives take the important decisions on behalf of the

people here elected representatives

elected representatives take the most important decisions

elected representatives take the most important decisions

on behalf of people on behalf of people

right then again subdivide democracy can again

be divided into three types it can be further divided

democracy can be further divided into three types

fine it's like this

political democracy social democracy

economic democracy now if you have only political democracy it is called as

okay I'll explain that first you write political social economic

political democracy social democracy economic democracy fine first tell what

do you mean by political democracy we'll discuss that let's write the points political democracy

includes political democracy includes

political equality of the citizens like

includes political equality of citizens

political equality of citizens like right that's technically you call it as universal adult franchise remember we've

already explained it like Universal adult franchise right to contest elections

that means everybody will have the right to vote everybody will have the right to contest elections

Universal franchise right to contest elections right to protest and criticize

the government right to protest

and criticize the government right to protest and criticize the

government free and fair elections means elections will happen free and fair elections and

frequent direction also free and fair elections Etc so just write that so if

you have these characteristics then what is it then you have political democracy clear but the question that you have to

ask is if you have these things is it enough let's say you have Universal friendship

that means anybody can vote in the election fine anybody can contest election fine anybody can according to

the Constitution become PM's CMS Prime Ministers I mean presidents anything fine

free and fair election is there Election Commission of India is there fine now if you have only this you call yourself as

democracy then that means what you what the orders do you expect then

the third what what do you mean by that think practically just small thing

what do you mean by that then let's say for example very simple context you have given a person right to

vote I mean that you can vote in the election but that person is living in a footpath

is the Democracy working for him what is the use of him for you if you go and talk to him about demo what is the

use there is no use at all

one-third of Indians are according to National Family Health survey report one

third of Indians any which way are suffering from one or other new other form of nutrition problems

fine so at present India's economic inequality one percent top one percent of Indians won 55 percent of India's

wealth it is expected in in another 20 years it will go up to 70 to 75 percent wealth

means top one percent of Indians will want 75 percent of India's total wealth

getting the point so if you have so many problems or I mean you keep on adding to it how do you call yourself as to to

what extent for example India's election is the costliest election in the world according to Super reelection commission

when MPL nmp I mean nmp candidate should spend 90 lakh how much does an MP

candidate spend in India minimum 30 40 crores they spend

according to this area Association for Democratic reforms 43 percent of Lok

Sabha MPS have criminal charges against them 43 last time it was 36 before that it

was 32 next time it will be 50. how do you call yourself as democracy

then is the criticism part that means it is not enough if you have political one

where is the social one criminal rights problems are still there so many cast issues are still there honor crimes are

still there economic inequalities are still there so if you have so many things that in

criticism is you can't call yourself as complete democracy then that's why the

criticism part is if you only have political democracy it is called as

procedural means yes you conduct election everybody will vote procedural election or

or procedural democracy or electoral democracy it is not enough what do you need

you need combination of all that's what you proudly call it as

if you have everything what do you call it as participatory

or holistic or

please please close

or substantive democracy clear so you call it as

so we this has to be the goal this is just one part

okay because it has to work for the last person if it is the system is working for the top most person then you don't

call it as democracy it has to work for whom because top one person you don't have to help they will help themselves

you have to help the last person that's when you call it as participatory

or holistic or substantive democracy got an idea yeah so after political

democracy right clarify that below only if

only if political democracy is insured

sir please explain the differences between MPS mlas all those things we'll discuss it at present basically I mean

because there's different chapter at present basically you take it as MPS and mlas work in the state legislature your

vidhan Sabha kind of a one Indian Parliament

so other differences will get to that gradually clear if only political democracy is

there what do you call it as procedural or electoral or

representative democracy procedure that means only for namesake

Europe democracy is the criticism procedural or electoral or

representative democracy

or representative democracy but what is the goal yeah but the goal is write this

but the goal is

but the goal is participatory or holistic just copy those words or substantive democracy

participatory or holistic or substantive democracy

so what does that mean it includes all the three components of democracy

that is political social economic it includes

all the three components of democracy

it includes all the three components of democracy clear

then clarify India is a successful procedural democracy

because other countries are even struggling to do that we have obviously achieved a lot

India is a successful procedural democracy but yet to become that means we are in

the path India is a successful procedural democracy

successful procedural democracy but yet to become

participatory democracy but yet to become participatory

democracy right sir how do you say that for that you write some few facts for example

that is this is because for example

for example criminalization of politics means you're just having a

Representatives But ultimately what matters it's not are you under connecting election or not what kind of

present it is are you electing is the point so that's why criminalization that means entry of

people with criminal background into the legislature criminalization of politics

for that is first one according to a Dr area is a very famous

research group Association for Democratic reforms

according to ADR in 17th Lok Sabha

according to ADR in 17th Lok Sabha

4 3 43 percent MPS 43 percent MPS have criminal charges

spending against them so then don't ask me sir then how did

they become in peace because the reason is the child is just a charge it is not proven

after they prove that's a different issue the case is pending that means

43 MPS have criminal charges pending against them that is one then two same according to

ADR in 17th Lok Sabha there are only one four

teen percent of women MPS and this is highest ever

what is women's population in general if you take also five zero fifty percent so

fifty percent also if you take it is just 14 not even one third

according to ADR in 17th Lok Sabha number of women MPS is just 14 one four

percent and this is what and it is highest ever in Pakistan it is 25 percent

so that is a so then imagine which is highest ever

then according to Oxfam report this is Oxford University reports

according to Oxfam report according to Oxfam report

top one percent of Indians

according to Oxfam report top one percent of Indians won 50 to 55

percent of total India's wealth

50 to 55 percent of total India's wealth

well according to nfhs National Family Health survey

according to National Family Health survey this is all official government reports according to National Family

Health survey around one third of Indians suffer from this is actually so many are there under

five under nutrition is that everything I'm just was overall I'm telling according to National Family Health

survey nfhs around one third of Indians suffer from one or other nutrition problem so it can

be under nutrition malnutrition over nutrition whatever around one-third the Indians suffer from

the nutrition problem so obviously that shows socially and

economically we are still have to achieve a lot fine yeah

that is participatory democracy when you can also write below that

according to Center for Equity studies according to Center for Equity studies

Center for Equity studies only around two to three percent of Indians

only around two to three percent of Indians have used rti in their lifetime

and what is the use of RTI then that's the point only around two to three percent any

which were less than five percent of Indians have used rti in their rtms you know write the information one in their

lifetime then how are you making the government accountable then so that means overall the point is

elections are conducted voting is there Election Commission is there a parliament is there legislature is there

but functioning is not good enough elected representatives are not good enough we

are not participating enough and socially economical if so many problems are still continuing hence we want to

yet to become is what we call it as democratic clear there is next One Republic let's

write it because it's easily we can finish off I think democracy we have completed directly indirect this set

yeah fair enough Republic it's a very simple we have already done what is the basic definition of republic just write it it's very easy if you can

finish off Republic which country have you borrowed it France Republic borrowed from France

so many what which country we borrowed what that list is there that we'll discuss tomorrow there's just a factual

one Republic borrowed from fans so Write the basic definition

democracies across the world or you can say political system also

political system across the world can be divided into two

can be divided into two based on the nature of Head of the State

political systems across the world

can be divided into two types based on the nature of Head of the State

based on the nature of Head of the State and the first one

constitutional monarchy Constitution first one first category

based on the nature of Head of the State under that first one constitutional monarchy

again the name itself says what does that mean here the head of the state is Crown king

or queen constitutional monarchy here Head of the State is

here the head of the state is crown that means automatically what is it hence the position is hereditary in nature that

means not a lot for others head of the state is Crown

hence the position is hereditary in nature

hence the position is hereditary in nature an example UK

position is hereditary in nature example UK then two Republic

Republic so just we know that Head of the State directly or

indirectly headed by I mean elected by people Head of the State

Head of the State directly head of the state is directly or

indirectly elected by people directly or indirectly elected by people

example example U.S France India

Etc U.S India France Etc

so the rural Republic that means clarify then hence

the topmost public position is open to all because that is head of the state is

a topmost position any in any country in the top most public position public office

topmost public office is open for all is open for all so when you say open for

all what does it mean yeah there is no hereditary public issues public office

there is no hereditary public office

there is no hereditary public office fine they are they interpreted in a different way also until and also you

can enter in a republic I mean here there is absence of privileges

I mean being a king or a queen itself is a privilege your family will keep getting that

here there is absence of privileges

so that means what will exist then political equality exists anybody can get to the topmost public

position is the political on same in a different words that's it huh

political equality exists clear so this is Republic one

but very sure so very very or will you go then

so then you have Liberty equality

Justice fraternity another four words of course Liberty takes a lot of discussion because there is a concept called have

you heard negative Liberty positive Liberty so so many issues are there that we'll discuss here then Justice overall

or whatever if you have discussed democracy then Justice equality will automatically flow but inequality there are some other things have you heard

there is equality of opportunity equality of outcome so those things natural equality or

natural inequality substantive inequality or social inequality those things will discuss and then we'll

finish Preamble and some insane features what are the new parts whatsoever then we'll directly go okay Union and

territories it will be our next chapter then fine