Class 4: Polity : Federal system & Preamble Offline & Online Guidance Program

THE AIMERS

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND VOTING POWERS

 okay let's discuss the first one

quasi federalism given by Casey where fine quasi means what here

quasi means partial means what he says is Indian Federalism is not completely Federal it is only partially Federal so

obviously when you want to say that India's Federalism is partially Federal so then obviously what you are doing here

so Casey where was comparing India's model to the U.S model of federalism now according to him U.S model is a kind of

Ideal federalism and India's is not like that now it may be 50 maybe 60 percent only we are

federal was his argument fine for that in simple words it means he is arguing that we have a very very

what a very strong Center was his core argument so for that obviously multiple

points are there so one of the other obviously we can keep discussing for example look at remember we have already

discussed the list Union list State list token current list what's up now if you look at it most of the number of number

of subjects also if you look at it in Union list are present you have 100 subjects in straight list you have 62 in

concurrent list you have 51 basically more number of subjects are in which list Union list and the most important

subjects are also in the union list means like let's say defense external Affairs Railways atomic energy space

whatever we call it as the most important most of them are in units itself and even in concurrent list who

will who can make loss on concurrent list both can make laws Parliament as well as State Legislature and in case of any

kind of a problem means Union Parliament colors we have so obviously if there is any kind of conflict again

which laws will prevail Parliament laws it's always remember this Whenever there is Parliament law

and if there is a state law also if there is any problem any conflict always parliament's law will only take get the

upper hand that is how Indian Parliament Indian Federalism is structured that is how it is designed fine so that is one

then you look at the number of what you call as this financials means money obviously governments get the money

throughout Texas non-taxes everything they have to collect and the basically

ok so if you look at the finances Matlab taxes non-taxes power also most of the

money generating subjects are also with the center means like for example income tax is there that is good that goes to

Center or like let's say for example these corporate tax is there corporate tax means the money that the company

pays after on their profit that also obviously goes to Center custom duty is their Customs means

export and import that also goes to the center so most of the money generating subjects are also with the center only

so that is another major benefit fine and residual report you take residuary subject that that's a that power is also

with whom that power is also with the parliament fine so like that I mean then for example you might have heard in

India we follow a concept called as single Constitution and single citizenship

single Constitution

single citizenship so in India we follow both fine yes it is completely different

in U.S you have dual Constitution dual citizenship means

what like for example in U.S you have a state called California California as a state now in U.S they'll have dual citizenship

means if you are a person living in California first you are a citizen of us plus you are a citizen of California

also let us say you're living in Texas State you are a citizen of U.S you are a citizen of Texas also now now look at it

in India let us say you're living in uttar Pradesh you are only citizen of India are you a citizen of uttar Pradesh

there is no concept called as citizenship of the state you are let's say you are living in madhya Pradesh you

are only citizen of India you are not citizen of madhya Pradesh that concept we do not follow that is what you call

it as what in India we follow single citizenship but in U.S they follow dual citizenship same concept singles

Constitution and dual Constitution like for example look at for all the entire India Company you have only one

constitution of India do you have constitution of Bihar constitution of West Bengal constitution of Tamil Nadu

you don't have like that you will have your own last state legislatures are there you can make loss but you will not

have separate constitutions you'll only have a single constitution for the entire country why because India was

formed under different circumstances India's unity and integrity was a big challenge when it was found for example

India was formed under different circumstances so what used to happen was you look at the context along with

Independence what happened partition also happened obviously and the even in

the South there was an issue going on called as dravida Nadu dravidanado in the sense the southern states so

especially Tamil Nadu was demanding that we want our own separate country fine in Northeast obviously integration

of Northeast was a big problem what do you call this Kashmir issue I don't even have to tell that is even till it is

continuing the same Punjab issue one once even now remember what is their

Punjab so that when I amritpal saying all those things one other time it has kept on following that means challenge

for India's unity and integrity has always been there it's not like us one U.S is a completely different our

situation is different their situation is different that's why we only followed this single Constitution The Only

Exception was written had their own Constitution their own

citizenship also it was a special treatment given to it under instrument of accession and the article 370 but

obviously now because of the abbregation of 317 2019 that concept is also an air

now as of now the entire country single Constitution single citizenship and now

to look at it who will make Lawson citizenship citizenship itself is a union searched

Matlab only Parliament can make loss Constitution if you want to amend you want to amend under article 368 we'll

discuss all those things that amendment is also done by Parliament so literally again the power is with

whom then Parliament itself government of India itself that is what we are trying that is what

even Casey where says that lot of control is with the government of India or the parliament so

you look at any which way for example even what you call as this emergency Provisions you might have heard

emergence there are three types of emergency broadly if you if you don't know one is called as National Emergency 352 State emergency

356 Financial emergency 360. in simple words during National during any

emergency what will happen is India will become India will transform from a federalism to a unitary system unitary

system means what the name itself is what unitary system means all the power will go only to the center

even if there are states it doesn't matter at all so that is the power of emergency fine

so emergency Provisions are there that also will come so like that many are they look at Governor's Office

Governor office in U.S what will happen Governor is elected in India governor of state is Not

Elected however recently you might have seen just two weeks back they changed the governance three weeks back from 15 20 days so how are the governors

appointed then appointed by the president how can they be removed anytime they can

be removed by the president on what basis there is no basis at all how should the governor function whatever

president tells based on that largely they have to function of course there's other relationship also in general

Governor office is designed in such a way that whatever the government of India tells governor should listen to it

you might have seen the recently in some two four five days back the Telangana government has put a I mean a case is

registered in in Supreme Court saying Telangana Governor has not given

signature to the bills passed by the Telangana government from September or

October almost four or five months almost some 10 bills are pending eight or ten bills are pending here she has

not given the signature now when you don't give the signature how will the how will the legislature function

ultimately whatever Parliament passes who should give the sign president whatever

should give the sign Governor when they don't give the sign how will the government run

that is another issue like obviously last year the Maharashtra case

is still going on you might have seen both Supreme Court proceedings are still going on did the governor do the right thing or did the governor misuse the

power sub every time Rajasthan we had seen madhya Pradesh we had seen so most

of the states in Delhi obviously made us the Delhi is not exactly Governor but still you will be saying the the lysium

versus the Lee lieutenant governor a time and again you'll have issues shows that obviously government of India

will have control over the office of governor fine similarly there are criticians on

the office of all India service also like for example we know most of you will be aiming for all India

service itself obviously not present how many Orlando service you have you have three all India service

this is Indian forest service now if you look at all India service they have two types of control one is called as

ultimate control which is which is with government of India or you can tell Union fine what is it related to related

to their recruitment

appointment

training

card allocation

dismissal ASF government of India control then you have

immediate control that is controlled by immediate control your

salary your transfer your

promotion your

suspension so this is with States this is with government of India

in addition obviously we have Central Services as well as state Services Central Services obviously your IRS ID

IRS custom uh Indian information surveys audit service supports our Indian personal service this that so many

corporate law Railway was up Central you have so many police working

sub inspectors Deputy inspectors this that fdas SDS Engineers they are all

state services but you also have in addition all India service and remember in an ideal like for example if you look

at us you will this that kind of a service you will not have in U.S in U.S there is only

one is State service second one is federal service means State Service central service in India we have the

third additional one so even though your work who is paying your salary transfer promotion control States but who has

given them to States Center has given them to stress and Center will control them one or other

way so that is the reason earlier now it is now the issues has changed but the

earlier the criticism was that all India services are agents of government of India was the criticism

agents means I don't have to explain means whatever they tell you listen to them that was a criticism now things

have changed a bit because states have become very powerful Regional parties are powerful very strong CMS Regional

leaders are there so it's a different issue but during the era of the typical Congress era till 1990s all India

Services means agents of Center because Regional parties still are not so powerful as we are as they are today

like how you have TMC should say now DMK DMK to this level they were not powerful

during that time hence it was highly criticized

like that these are all various issues for example you look at Election Commission of India itself recently just

two weeks back Supreme Court gave an order saying you should create a selection committee we'll discuss when the time comes about Election Commission

basically Election Commission of India conduct election for Parliament as well as State Legislature Matlab Lok Sabha

rajya Sabha MLA mlc all of them election who conducts Election Commission of

India but they are appointed by the president on the advice of PM as simple as that then how is it conducting

elections for State legislatures then what is the guarantee that they may not misuse it against some other party in

power of the states again in ideal federalism what they all do is they compare with the ideal U.S

federalism national elections are conducted by others State elections are conducted by this in India there is a body called a

state election commission but that state election commission does not conduct MLM mlc election what they do

panchayats and municipalities and municipalities are not so powerful and

obviously it is the most important is your MLA the what you call as a State Assembly that election is conducted by

this election commission where states have no role at all fine similarly there is a criticism for

CAG also you might have heard CAG right comptroller Auditors General so it has

something like this I'll clarify this look at government of India Union or government of India

divided into two one there is a role of maintaining the accounts

two there is a role of audit are accounts is maintained by an office

called as CGA auditing is done by c a g

Fine Again States subdivide

one is accounts you know the basic difference between akum because most of you I mean few of

you might be from Commerce background also both these both are done by

so what do you mean by account and audit basic difference accounting is done not like a you know CA you don't have to

understand for politics normal ones accounting means it is done during the implementation so you have to maintain

all your accounts where did you spend how much income did you get when does the audit happen then or it happens after you have spent

that's why audit we keep calling or it is a you may get this technical word sometimes always understand audit is a

what is it audit is a post facto mechanism post

after something is done you go and analyze okay was it did they Implement

everything according to the rules and the procedures or not what's up you will identify that that is why it's called as

a post facto mechanism clear so accounts by c g a c j Controller General of accounts

CAG means as the name says is comptroller and auditor general will discuss cage itself we have to discuss

separately States both is done by cig but how is it related to

strong Center for very simple reason the reason is look at it for States even

both accounting and writing is done by CAG but CAG is also appointed by the president on the advice of prime

minister then how is it doing all these functions for the states then will the center accept the same if the states do

it if the state governments appoint someone to Center will the center accept

so that is a criticism saying that Center is controlling so many functions related to States but the states are not

even asked Matlab consulted here that is the point then the most

important one the other one is which word the Parliament can decide the boundaries of the states means let us

say for example you take the very famous okay Kashmir is a completely different before that you took you take the

example of Telangana Telangana created order of Andhra Pradesh Telangana assembly had actually passed a

resolution saying we don't want creation of Telangana but what did the parliament do

Parliament created it so in simple words we will discuss in your article 3 in your next chapter Union and territories

the core point is that it doesn't matter if the States agree or not if the

parliament wants to they can break the state any time like for example if Parliament decides

today they can break uttar Pradesh into four

that depends on politics so many issues will matter but Parliament has the power to divide uttar Pradesh into three or

four it doesn't matter whether uttar Pradesh assembly agreesium agrees these people absolutely it doesn't matter

according to the Constitution practically will they do it that is so difficult because politics Will matter a

lot it is not so easy to divide ultimately one or other way the party people have to agree to it but

Constitution gives them that power that is what you call it as or you look at Jammu Kashmir itself Jammu Kashmir

was limit obligation Jammu Kashmir is the first example which has been converted from a state to UT normally

India UT has become States rivers and we have divided again too

there is no procedure at all like that that is what in simply it means Parliament will have the ultimate

control so all that shows in simple words as Casey where says

obviously what a very very strong Center

it has changed in recent times but this is what you call it as quasi-federalism strong Center

ah

no not exactly we know because two-thirds of the voting power is with the states itself but in general yes

because it is headed by Ministry of Finance and everything they will have a kind of Greater control

correct correct hmm yeah but to that is it states

so you can look at either ways actually GST Council normally we give it as an example for cooperative federalism

because most I mean Center and states have worked together to create a one tax for

entire country of course there are problems even there there are a lot of criticism that's the center took away

the taxation power of the state all this criticism is there but in general GST council is an example not for this but

for cooperative federalism fine yeah because they all Cooperative means came together and to form a tax

clear okay fluid let's write few points about this put the heading quasi federalism Casey where

Intel what do you mean by that it means I mean crazy fatalism means it

means

Center or you can say Union it means Center has

it means Center has more powers

Center has more Powers compared to the states

compared to the states

let's say you can also write a kind of reasons also

it was it was created for multiple reasons

that means why did we create a strong it was established it was created for

multiple reasons it was created for multiple reasons

first one first one is the need to ensure

the need to ensure unity and integrity of India

because we wanted to make sure that India remains United the need to ensure unity and integrity

of India the need to ensure unity and integrity

of India was the first major concern second one historically

historically historically

centralized Administration means even if you look at British era or Mughal era

historically centralized Administration has been

historically centralized Administration has been common

during British rule as well as Mughal rule that

means even before that General centralized Administration has been common even during the British role

as well as the Mughal rule fine then

in the context of India's station

in the context of in the backdrop of India's politician

backdrop of India's partition there were fears about

there were fears about regionalism regionalism means greater love for your

region they were fears about the regionalism linguism

Etc means greater love for the language fears about regionalism linguism Etc

fine then at that time India was a very poor country

at that time India was

at that time India was a very poor country hence Center wanted the control

India was a very poor country hence Center wanted control

on the finances because you had very less money

Center wanted the country on the finances to implement

wanted the control over the finances to implement the development programs or plans

anything to implement the plans and programs

to implement the plans and programs so these are various reasons why they created a strong center now you write

the features first one first one greater control

greater control over the legislative powers

greater control on the legislative power means law making power greater control on

the legislative power

greater control on legislative power you can write that below explain more number of subjects are in

more number of subjects are in which list obviously Union list

more number of subjects are in Union list or in Union list and the most important

subjects are also in the same list more number of subjects

are in Union list and the most important subjects

and the most important subjects are also in the same list

and the most important subjects are also in the same list then control over concurrentless second

feature control over concurrent list

feature

fine so what is the explanation though

both Parliament and State Legislature

though both Parliament and State Legislature

both Parliament and state legislature can make laws

can make loss on state subjects sorry concurrent subjects

though both Parliament and State Legislature can make laws on concurrent subjects so

we'll have the dominance upper hand yeah Parliament will always have upper hand

means in any conflict overlapping any virtues Parliament will always have the

control upper hand Parliament will always have the upper hand

fine that is one then three residuary

control on the residual list residual subjects

control on the residuary subjects

control on the residual subjects only Parliament can make laws on

residuary subjects only

Parliament can make loss only Parliament can make laws on

residuary subjects just said your subjects

and that is another one office of governor

office of governor

so as I said entire things of Governor is controlled what else what does it include Governor is appointed by the president

Governor is appointed by the president

Governor is appointed by the president and and can be removed

and can be removed Anytime by the president

Governor is appointed by the president and can be removed Anytime by the

president fine so that is simple worth complete control is with the president fine the

next one emergency provisions emergency provisions

so as I said Constitution provides for three types of emergency

provisions under that

Constitution provides

Constitution provides for three types of emergency

so what is the first one National Emergency article 352.

National Emergency article 352.

State emergency article 356. National Emergency article 352

State emergency article 356 and what is the third one

Financial emergency 360.

Financial emergency article 360. and what is the core point

during emergency federalism becomes unitary in nature means all the power

goes from states to the center during emergency all any emergency

during emergency federalism becomes

federalism becomes unitary in nature

federalism becomes unitary in nature

well then this one single Constitution

single Constitution

when first compare with U.S in U.S dual Constitution is followed

in U.S dual Constitution is followed

dual Constitution is for again the name itself is one is Constitution for entire country

or you can say for the federal government one is the Constitution for

federal government and second one is for the I mean and the states will have their own Constitution

one is the Constitution for federal government and the states will have their own Constitution

and the states will have their own Constitution fine but what about in India below that

you can clarify that however in India we follow single Constitution for entire

country in India we follow single constitution for the entire

country in India we follow single Constitution

for entire country fine if you want that exception Jammu

Kashmir was the only exception

Jammu Kashmir was the only exception

as it was given special provision under article 370.

Jammu Kashmir was the only exception as it was given

special provision it was given special provision under

article 370 370. if you want that also clarify

abrogated in 2019 aggregated means as I said it

has no effect as of now it is removed removed in a sense cannot be implemented

which was abrogated a b r o g a t they abrogated in 2090 so that means even for Kashmir Jammu Kashmir it's the and

completely the same Constitution then the single citizenship

single citizenship

again the name itself is compare with us first in U.S dual citizenship is followed

in U.S dual's citizenship is followed so obviously what does that mean a

person is considered citizen of us as a whole in US

dual citizenship is followed a person is considered

citizen of U.S and citizen of the respective State like

California State Texas Miami whatever you tell citizen of U.S plus citizen of

respective state automatically will have different rights of course we will discuss that but again

compare within India however in India only single citizenship exists that

means citizen of country as a whole however in India only

single citizenship exists in India only single citizenship exists

yes yes yes that was about to say for example in India we keep telling that famous statement is in India we follow

single citizenship both within the country as well as without the country in other words even within India there is only

citizenship of India as I said no no other state citizenship same point let us say you have India you are an Indian

citizen you cannot be citizen of another country at the same time you can work go

and work in U.S or UK or Australia or any other country can go and work but what you can you can get a green card

that means a kind of permanent something like that you can get but what you cannot get you cannot take the citizenship of

another country so what will happen if I take India follows single citizenship that means the moment you take

citizenship of another country according to we'll discuss that part one of the course part two of the constituent

citizenship automatically Indian citizenship terminated they call it as citizenship by Dinan by by termination

so automatically it will be terminated fine but in U.S you can miss U.S citizen

of U.S same time you can be citizen of Canada fine you can be I think even for

Australia I'm not sure so there are multiple countries they are low you can be same time same time you can vote here

also you can go vote there also you can buy property here also you can go by property there also so many things are

allowed in India absolutely no because again as I said India's history is

different their histories are different in India we still have a kind of problem that Unity Integrity issues you never

know people which if their loyalty is what's up that's why in India you cannot have other country citizenship

fine so you can also clarify that in the margin in U.S a person can have citizenship

other countries also in U.S a person can have

in U.S a person can have citizenship of other

countries also that means same time we are telling the two

in U.S a person can have the citizenship of another country at the same time that

means dual citizenship a person can have the citizenship of another country at the same time but in

India same again it is not allowed

Constitution itself doesn't allow it but in India it is not allowed

clear so that is single Constitution single citizenship then Amendment of the

Constitution amendment of Constitution

amendment of Constitution under article 368

under article 368 only Parliament can amend the

Constitution

under article 368 only Parliament can amend the Constitution

State legislatures have no power of course in ratification small powers

are there that's that's an exception we'll discuss that later State legislatures have no power

State legislatures have no power

clear that is amendment of constitution then just copy this all India services and copy exactly copy

this

foreign

India kauser

um this is obviously within the state

pay commission will only give a recommendation money is given by the states they can recommend for example

they may recommend increase the salary by 30 20 for all India Services Center services but pay who will give you the

salary is given by the states

it may have known all in the service it's all marvelous across the country civil Central or government of India

will determine service conditions everything it's all fixed you can be in any state salaries are fixed hmm

deputation is done under all India Services deputation rules as of now that's why you might have seen Matlab I

don't know if you have followed that or not last year 2020 it was a huge controversy between West Bengal and government of India the basic point is

earlier there's a huge provision for it there's a concept called it I'll just give you a break because in polity the

details are not needed basically we follow a concept called as tenure system tenure system

these all India servants obviously you will be allocated a counter means in simple cutter allocation itself is a

different concept let's not worry about that basic ideas you will be given a state like for example you may belong to

some state but you will be allocated some other one from a person from South May given an earth rate North May given

a Northeast Northeast may be given a western anywhere you may be allocated that's your permanent career permanent

scatter throughout the career your entire life you should serve there some exceptions are there you can come back to Homestead what's up that's a

different issue it's not a as of now the point is what earlier

at least around four to five years throughout your career you should work with the center the very basic point is

Centers do not have their own all India services in simple words let us say for example

you become an as you will not be allocated to Center directly you will be allocated where Twisted but then

obviously central government government of India also also needs so many as offices like CBA cbma or both IPS

officers but cbase the name is a Central Bureau of Investigation Matlab it functions in their home government of

India then where will they get the IPS officers you have narcotics control Bureau okay

that's leave okay some concerns will be there you have you know a national investigation agency you have are very

simple you have so many secretaries in Delhi if you go to North blocks or block there are so many secretaries you know

prime minister's office deputy secretary joint secretaries everybody or what secretary means yes

when government of India doesn't have its own Corner how will they get their officers

getting the point when you get into is you're only given to States you are not given to government of India then how

does government of India get is officers that is the concept called as deputation technically we call it as a concept

called as tenure system which British created by it was started by Lord curzen that's all not necessary here basic

point is that at least minimum five to six years throughout your like 30 35 years May around at least four to five

years you should work for government of India sir when that depends normally what will happen every year let us say

for example this year government of India needs four is from Maharashtra government of India will tell

Maharashtra send me four is officers at so and so level means what so-and-so level means I need an IAS officer at the

level of joint secretary send me I need a person at the level of under secretary send me I need a person at the level of

secretary send me so then earlier what the government States used to do states used to give a

list list means States used to ask the ace officers of their state are you guys

ready to go with for the center now because you may have of course personal lives will be there you may be having

your personal issues there health issues might be there you may not be wanting to go to the layers of now

so this government used to ask the officers are you ready to go now then the minister should agree because

under Minister secretary is will be functioning ministers should also agree okay fine I am ready to send this

officer then they used to give the list this had become a controversy because government of India failed states don't

send the best officers to us because governments of India logic is what I need best officer send it to me

what does state government tell rare then don't I need a best officers I also need the best officer

ultimately any Administration functions through best officers only ministers will administer will give you order you

have to implement so States used to tell I will not send him he is my best I I want him to be here Center will tell no

no send him now so that has become a controversy earlier the balance was towards States means

States used to decide the list Center used to just pick from that list

like four means Center States used to tell them just link as an example six officer list they'll tell out of six you

pick four now it's not like that as per the changes central government of India will

have greater control if Central or government of India says send me this officer state government should send that

officer no sir officer is not ready no ready not not ready you have to go it's a health issue this you you write a

letter they'll take care Ultimate Edition is with as of now government of India that's the reason it was usually

criticized saying Federalism is I mean again federalism issues that you are going against the interest of States why

are you taking control over them so those are all controversies that is technically called as tenure system but

that's not necessary as of now because so much of details quality mean hia is those are all for optionals

okay copy this also then office of CAG

office of CAG

Ed office of CAG fine C J if you don't know what do you

mean by CJ Controller General of accounts

CAG is if you don't know the full form so what is the difference what is control around those things we will

discuss when we discuss about CAG in detail how are they appointed what are their powers everything

as of now just write the broader name

this is CAG comptroller and auditor general

fine then copy this

and what is the issue CAG is appointed by the president

cags appointed by the president

CAG is appointed by the president

CAG is appointed by the president service conditions determined by Center

service condition means salary was a service conditions determined by Center

service conditions determined by Center states have no control over the office

of CAG s have no control

on the office of CAG states have no control on the office of

CAG no no no CAG as a whole which functions

at the national level same CAG fine that doesn't mean CAG will go personally and audit and maintain

obviously under cha so many people work CAG is the person responsible

practically of course they can't do all those things for next next one office of Election Commission of India ECI

office of ECI office of Election Commission of India

of course what is the point CCA conducts the election for

ECI conducts the election for

ECI conducts the election for both Parliament and State Legislature

ECI conducts elections for both

Parliament and State Legislature

for both Parliament and state legislature again what is the issue then however

however it is appointed by the president

it is appointed by the president again the same point states have no control over it

it is appointed by the president states have no control over it

did you get at least some 8-10 points okay okay fine because even so many but

in general Finance commission multiple are there but these are what we

call it as strong center that is quasi federalism fine on the next type

symmetric federalism

symmetric federalism so symmetry commercial what do you mean by symmetry

equality same plane same level that's what you call it as symmetric federalism the ideal example again what they

compare is with and the basic point is that all the states you have 50 states in U.S so all

the states are treated equally on most of the provisions that's what you call it as symmetric federalism in India also

we follow symmetric federalism means what Most states are at least the big states are all treated equally equally

means what it's what Provisions apply to them are they given extra funds are they given extra Powers WhatsApp in general

most of our states in India are also treated equally but India doesn't follow symmetric federalism to a large extent

we follow which one is the name it says as asymmetric means what then

yeah that means depending on the states they may be given special treatment also the best example just now we saw why was

Jammu Kashmir only given separate Constitution separate flag what is it then asymmetric federalism for very simple

reason because Jammu Kashmir was integrated into India under special circumstances remember that war happened

and all those things they wanted to be independent then Raja harisinka instrument of accession so many issues

are there you'll get to know gradually basic point is the situation under which India Jammu Kashmir became part of India

was completely different hence some special Provisions were given to them and you might have heard article 371

371 means again special Provisions for so many almost entire Northeast Sikkim

Maharashtra Maharashtra Gujarat Telangana Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad

Karnataka region of Karnataka so many are there who are all given special Provisions under article 371 why again

neither may be back because the regions might be backward to give special support that may be given fine or maybe

historically some problems might be their laundry issues might be there whatever multiple problems are there

because of that they were given that schedule 5 schedule 6 we'll discuss that again in the next chapter basically

whichever areas were scheduled tribes are more in number their special administrative Provisions apply sir why

special treatment for schedule tribes sir obvious reason why because scheduled tribes means the name says s in general

now things have changed a lot in general they are the people who live geographically separate means a kind of

forest living something like that culturally different the way their Lifestyles food everything is there is

completely different civilization wise they are still using normal kind of tools and all those things normal

Administration should not extend to them that's why they are given special Provisions the normal laws related to

marriage divorce property nothing will apply to them that is schedule 5 schedule 6. so many

are there we'll write those examples we are still studying one fine and in Northeast have you heard there is a

concept called as inner Lane permit look at the name itself Inner Line permit

means what so and the name is if you want to enter those States you need a special

permission as of now it is applicable in arunachal Pradesh

nagaland Manipur

Inner Line permit if you want to enter those areas you need special permission if you are an outsider file let's say

from here if you want to go to arunachal Pradesh you can't go directly enter let's say from up you can go to Bihar directly so you can go to Tamil Nadu

Kerala directly but you can't go to arunachal Pradesh directly you need a permission if you are an outsider Outsider means

you understand right I mean not belonging to arunachal Pradesh not belonging to a nagaland you need a permission sir why is it again because

British used to follow it because British had deliberately kept up if you have recalled your Modern India do you

have any major Freedom movements or like Rani guide and low don't tell me that that's a real exception in general you

will not find any major movements in Northeast you don't find any major leaders also in Northeast

why one of the reason is obviously because British had deliberately kept the region out of Freedom Movement

two culturally racially historically that some kind of integration has still

not happened at least now of course because of the that's what we that's why reason we keep calling remember India

has called as what State Nation we created State then we are trying to integrate that's why it is called as a

state Nation according to a lot of thinkers remember that's the reason because you don't have that kind of a

integration still emotional bonding fine so same concept so hence British

used to follow something like ILP there means Outsiders I mean from the typical here you can't enter those areas that we

are still continuing lot of people criticize it saying so please remove it British used to do

it for some other reason but the local people they'll still demand it saying what is their fear is that if Outsiders

come and settle here you will take our jobs you will try to stay you will try try taking over the property you will

buy property here and then you'll settle here only culture will change population will change that is the fear of the

people there actually earlier it was only for arunachal Pradesh nagaland mizoram last year right not last year

2021 may they included Manipur also fine so that is a basic point of Inner

Line permits like that multiple issues are there there is a concept called a special

category status now I mean it is it was a real recent recent in the sense in the last four

five years it was a controvers in Andhra Pradesh because they demanded special category status in simple or special

category status means government of India should give them more financial help sir why should we why should

government of India give because you have problem financially or weak we will give you special Aid

that is called a special category status if other for other states you give less money for special category status

initials is you will give more help fine so these are all reason examples

for if the basic concept of having some areas as States some other areas are

used in territories within union territories look at it Delhi has legislature puducherry is legislature

Jammu Kashmir as legislature why not under my nicobar Airlines why not why not Chandigarh

foreign that means because some UTS are

problems are different like if you take Delhi so population is in a way any which way you take two to two point five

crore people are there which is like a European country so obviously a lot of people demand that

we should have when there are countries in Europe for two crore three two point five crore why can't we have a normal

legislature at least legislation hence they gave a legislature special

treatment fine so like that multiple very simple reason the core reason is that India is

very very diverse you cannot apply other countries or what is followed in Europe to India because our completely it is a

com it's like a continent actually India is like that's why we keep calling Indian subcontinent to that level it is

diverse hence all these things are there in India fine upsc has still not asked the

question on this what you wrote till now on that upsc every year ask questions on this it is still not asked you but it's

a very important concept asymmetric federalism got an idea yeah please write what do

you mean by that first let's write symmetric federalism first Define it it means

even further separate rules will be there it is not so easy a person from arunachal Pradesh to

nagaland goes and in inner Lane permit what will happen is you want to take a permit to go and enter there you can

only stay there for around 40 or 50 days you can't stay more than that and you cannot buy property there you

cannot settle permanently there you cannot get married that you cannot take your religious activities there means

for example you cannot take your Bible or bhagavad-gita's or Quran something

into those areas that's also prohibited you cannot take back their religious activities also outside that is also

prohibited like that huge issues are there it's not so easy those are all called as special

provisions got it in the lane permit we'll write those details it is a it is under an act

called as Bengal Eastern Frontier regulation act 1871 but basically British had done it

clear I think at least you got a broader picture let's write what do you mean by symmetric federalism first so what is the definition then

it is a federalism in which it is a federalism in which

the regional units are treated it is a federalism in which

the regional units are treated equally Regional units come upload States take

it as that it is a federalism in which the regional units are treated equally

in which the regional units are treated equally

and where is it followed U.S is the best example for this

USC's the best example for this

okay again clarify even in India

even in India even in India

symmetric Federalism is followed

even in India symmetric Federalism is followed

even in India symmetric Federalism is wallowed especially with respect to the big States

big states are all normally treated equally especially with respect to Big States

especially with respect to Big States fine

but for the heading this is where you need more discussion asymmetric federalism

asymmetric federalism when as the name it says s

it is a federalism in which Regional units that is Again State

it is a federalism in which

it is a federalism in which Regional units are treated differently

federalism in which Regional units are treated differently based on their

based on their strengths and weakness strengths

weakness history geography multiple are there Regional units are treated differently

based on their strengths and weakness and write the example for example

let's keep adding one of the other article 370

article 370 special status for Jammu and Kashmir

special Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir

special Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir it was given separate Constitution separate flag

it was given because it is not there now I have already written explained that

it was given a separate Constitution separate flag

and the normal Parliament loss and the normal Parliament loss will not

apply in the normal Parliament laws will not apply because so many issues were there

the State Assembly has to agree like that and the normal loss pass by the parliament will not apply or

never used to apply earlier of course now it's all gone I've already told you that then article 371

article 371. article 371.

special Provisions was given for a special Provisions is given for

special Provisions is given for multiple States

special Provisions is given for multiple states are parts of the states sometimes

it is not entire State sometimes may be part special Provisions are given for the entire state or multiple States or parts

of the states fine if you want for example under that itself 371 f for Sikkim

371 capital f 371 capital F for Sikkim

when it was integrated with India in 1975.

371 capital F for Sikkim when it was integrated with India

when it was integrated with India in 1975.

1975. yeah that is another one 371 yeah 371 in

general then schedule Five schedule six

schedule Five schedule six so as I said what are they what do they

deal with yeah it provides special Provisions for

it provides special Provisions for

it provides special Provisions for those areas

special Provisions for those areas which are dominated by scheduled tribes

special Provisions for those areas which are dominated by scheduled tribes

which are dominated by scheduled tribes that is schedule Five schedule six we'll write the details anyone separate

chapters here obviously will discuss there then special category status

special category status

special category status

special category status it was given it was given to those States

it was given to those States which needed

it was given to those states which needed greater financial help

given to those States which needed greater financial help from

the center which needed greater financial help from

the center there is special category status then ILP

ILP ILP means Inner Line permits

Inner Line permit so what do you mean by that a special permission is needed or just

write a permission is needed for an outsider to enter few States or these

areas no no only this

only this foreign some other restrictions are there but that is not ILP for that there

is something called as foreigners restricted entry order like that even it is not so easy to enter under money

cover lens also especially those within Andaman nicobar they have demarcated certain areas for example if a foreigner

wants to answer Andaman equivalents not a lot so what if what if we want to go there it's a load sir but what if within

underman equivalence let's say for example there is a tribe called as jarawa

tribe was there wherein some few years back some um you know if you search you'll get that few years back the issue

was that there is a national I forgot the exact National Highway a national highway passes through that National I mean through the forest obviously we

know scheduled Island itself is foreign tribes

so then what they should they used to come to buses then people used to I mean normal like they used to give this

fruits vegetables chocolates these are everything now then what happened when they used to come back then they was to find out that

a lot of java tribes used to die when they used to found out the reason it's not like some poisonous and the

reason was that we are vaccinated for so many viruses these bacterias and everything obviously malaria is like TB all what

you call so many things were vaccinated which they are not vaccinated even though within us those

microorganisms are alive nothing will happen to us because like quite like vaccination but they are vaccinated

so when they used to get exposed they used to die so hence the case came to actually Supreme Court and Supreme Court said

complete in the entire National Highway whatever it is there no travel nothing they banned the travel

complete prohibition then again few years back again the case came to Supreme Court saying sir now

because you have banned the highway we are now you have to allow what go Circle there in a travel the time everything is

increasing and the national highway purpose itself is not served then Supreme Court gave another order and said okay fine we'll allow the travel

but right from A to B if there is whatever the you should not stop anywhere you should just keep going

especially where jharavas are there you should never stop if anything happens then again will prohibit it

I don't know now what if things change this happens from two three years back also it was there so like that like few

years back you just before covet there's a tribe called as North sentinelis so an anthropologist tried to enter that

area you might have heard that example and what happened so finally was found dead because North those tribes look at us

like aliens means you have that the like all of a sudden if an alien enters what do you feel

you you don't know why has he come here what is his purpose what is he trying to do what same concept they feel the same

way towards us and they will literally go completely violent towards us

a lot of people had warned him he was a kind of missionary also Anthropologist also whatever and he was found dead

that's why foreigners restrict foreigners entry is restricted there even for us it is restricted because so

many Provisions you have to give not in general under money cover lens those areas where so-and-so tribes are

there those Forest Urban National Park whatever you call it as clear I think what an idea so let's

write about Inner Line permit what is the last point a permission is needed to enter these

areas as of now mention this as of now it is followed in

as of now it is followed in and then write arunachal Pradesh nagaland Manipur mizoram

and mention the act it is a British Legacy

it is a British Legacy

it is a British Legacy which act it is followed under it is a British Legacy it is followed

under Bengal because at that time it was only Bengal entire Northeast was Bengal it is

followed under Bengal Eastern Frontier Luca that's why Eastern means what easternmost Bengal Eastern Frontier

regulation Act Bengal Eastern Frontier Frontier means

easternmost borders regulation Act Bengal Eastern Frontier regulation Act

when that is ILP clear then again another example for asymmetric federalism

few of the areas are considered as union territories

few of the areas are considered as

few of the areas are considered as union territories

few of the areas are considered as union territories within them within them

only three UTS have what legislature within them only three UTS have

legislature three UTS have legislature Delhi

Jammu Kashmir

only three UTIs have legislature Delhi puducherry

Jammu Kashmir fine so these are all examples for which one asymmetric federalism

clear now next one bar gaining federalism this was a term used by Maurice Jones

but in general huh

that is also a kind of asymmetric itself means different straight rated differently correct

bargaining federalism bar gaining federalism

now look at the name itself as bargain means what what you do with shopkeeper same bargain so bargaining means what earlier because

Center used to have lot of financial control I have already told you that means financial control means what

money greater money was with the financial power was at the center so then if States wants to do something

what should the state CMS do then State CMS used to come to the earlier of course Planning Commission was very very

powerful State CMS has to come to the Planning Commission deputy chairperson bargain with him for greater money and

only if they agree you will get greater money so that was the kind of bargaining federalism so then who is to bargain

with whom then States had to bargain with the center especially for financial issues

but with the emergence of coalition government coalition government means we know means multiple parties with the

emergence of coalition government because in Indian context there are three years which are considered landmark in respect to politics one is

1969 because for the for 1969 first time in more than 50 percent of the states

non-congress parties came to power because in nehru had you know nehru had

died and Indira Gandhi Adamas and lot of issues had happened within Congress

so regional party started to emerge second Landmark here is 1989 because

coalition government emerged at the national level means government of India so from 1989 because Rajiv Gandhi had

lost the power its popularity decreased from 1989 till 2014.

25 years it was completely coalition government at the national level you take right from then VP Singh to

chandrashekhar to narasimhara to devag Singh everybody's governments were what

coalition government the two especially like what vajpayee Manmohan Singh was all about 10

to 15 political parties had to work together imagine Matlab kitna compromise

so obviously then the power shifted from Center to whom Regional parties remember

I have already told you the Tista water agreement so if the States agree and they are that means if the regional

parties don't agree you cannot go ahead so power shifted from Center back to

home so states that is called as bargaining Center had to bargain with the states

fine now again what happened 2014 is considered another landmark here because the reason for the first time in Indian

history BJP came I mean BJP which is largely criticized you know whatever ideologies and all which so many

whatever issues so for the first time BJP got clear majority and it is what

you consider as the re-emergence of majority government at the national level

again the power shifted back to home center now because Center had they don't have to bargain with regional parties at

all because it doesn't matter you do you support us you don't support us doesn't matter at all because they have got more

than 300 seats so power has shifted back but today they don't Center don't

dominate to the level earlier they used to dominate because now because if you don't know Finance commission there's a

concept we will discuss under fiscal fatalism basically if Government of India earns 100 rupee during the

earliest first Finance commission they used to give five rupee to the states

wish to spend Center used to spend today it has come down to 41 percent

that's what technically we call it as vertical Devolution vertical Devolution in simple words vertical means what from

Center to the states horizontal means between the states sort of 100 rupees

that government of India earns today 41 rupees given to States but earlier five rupee

imagine the power of Center then now the states are demanding it should

be ideally 60 40. 60 rupees should go to States 40 rupee which should be with the center

but Center in general will not agree for it because Center also has so many things different Railways these are so

many are there normally we do not have consensus means we don't agree for that central government doesn't agree for it

so these are all issues related to bargaining federalism clear and then when we discuss fiscal

federalism under this itself I will tell you more other details what is the role of Finance commission what is the role of Planning Commission what was the

controversy now what is how Planning Commission is different from all those things will discuss

let's write this bargaining federalism first let's write the basic

in the post Independence history in

the post Independence history

in the post Independence history three years are considered

three years are considered as watershed moments in Indian polity in

Indian politics also you can say three years are considered as watershed moment Watershed means

but the both greatest change happened three years are considered as water

change years water moment sorry watershed moments

watershed moments in Indian politics in Indian politics

first one 1967.

1967. so what happened here for the first time that means after Independence

for the first time in more than 50 percent five

for the first time in more than 50 percent of the states

for the first time in more than 50 percent of States non-congress parties came to power

non-congress parties came to power non-congress parties came to power

1989 some people got 77 because Congress launched for the first

time 1989 so what happened here Coalition governments emerged at the

national level Coalition governments

emerged coalition government immersed at the national level

Coalition governments emerged at the national level and it continued for 25

years Coalition governments emerged at the

national level and it continued for 25 years there is still 2014.

continued for 25 years till 2014 and then 2014

2014 re-emergence of majority government

re-emergence of majority government at the national level and this will continue another 10 years

10 15 years no change more more or less BJP will still have the control

re-emergence of majority government at the national level

re-emergence of majority government at the national level

fine yeah continue below during the era of Planning Commission

the Matlab almost till 2014 you can say especially 1990 stuck during the era of

Planning Commission during the era of Planning Commission

Center was financially very powerful

in the era of Planning Commission Center was

Center was financially very powerful

financially very powerful hence states were forced

for forced bargain states were forced to bargain

with the center forced to bargain with the center for

additional finances money forced to bargain with the center for

additional money additional finances

well that is one kind of bargaining federalism even for issues were there then with the emergence of that is from

1989 with the emergence of Coalition governments

with the emergence of Coalition governments with the emergence of Coalition

governments and the dominance of regional parties and leaders

with the emergence of Coalition governments

and dominance of dominance of regional parties and

leaders and the dominance of regional parties and leaders

Regional parties and leaders who became powerful States states got the bargaining power

States got the bargaining power

fine you can mention that very famous statement former PM Mohan Singh

States got the bargaining power former PM Manmohan Singh

famously called it as

famously called it as compulsions of Coalition means compromises

famously called it as compulsions of coalition

famously called it as compulsions of coalition

for example for example

river water agreement t e

t e s t a Tista river water agreement

Ram

foreign agreement

could not be finalized between

river water agreement could not be finalized between India and Bangladesh

could not be finalized between India and Bangladesh because of the opposition of

TMC don't bring any politics here just as a matter of fact you should tell

because of the opposition of TMC or regional party is there anything

because the opposition of TMC same

former PM Manmohan Singh could not attend Commonwealth Summit in Colombo

former pm Manmohan Singh could not attempt could not attend sorry

former pm not attend

could not attend the com

ments Commonwealth Summit in Sri Lanka

Commonwealth Summit in Sri Lanka

Commonwealth Summit in Sri Lanka because of opposition from DMK

Tamil Nadu party I think I told you that overall what all had happened because position from DMK

the ltta issued things so this is one kind of gaining federalism another

right now it's a kind of balance now we are actually moving towards that's what is your next one we need to discuss you

can put the heading cooperative federalism so we are moving towards that in fact at present it is not only the

same some controversies will always be there but in general We are following Cooperative so he

here we need to display federalisms it's cooperative competitive as well as

confrontational or combative is in again cooperative for example when we discuss cooperative federalism

yeah we'll get don't worry

when we discuss cooperative federalism under that you can divide it into two

one is called as

vertical vertical means obviously between whom Center and states

between the states right multiple examples are there so same concept you

have to put it for competition competitive also confrontation also fine we'll discuss that

take a break and then the last one fiscal fatalism is there because this is a very detailed concept types of federalism if you understand this only

you can understand Center State relation Interstate relation what's up okay

thank you

huh

okay first let us discuss cooperative federalism again Matlab the

name itself is everything so cooperative federalism means what then Center and States as well as the states

have to work together to realize the goals of the Constitution that's what you call it as cooperative federalism of

course different types are there this kind of federalism was not there earlier in the recent two one or two maybe let's

say post 1991 Matlab yeah maybe 15 20 25 years may this concept has started to

evolve when Regional parties started to become more strong so today actually this is the goal of India's federalism

means whenever they tell what should be the kind of relationship between Center and States during nehru era Indira it

was all mostly quasi Federal it was also argued like that the center should be strong so that states function well

today that is not the argument today the argument is both have to work together Center that's what there is a very

famous statement a word strong states make strong Nation that is a that is a Formula today strong

states make strong Nation I don't even have to explain that itself is this cooperative federalism obviously birds

are examples under vertical federalism you have for example Planning Commission used to follow top

down module top down development model means what look at the name it says a stop down development model means what

means the distance were taken at the top level top level means in Delhi because you have the government of India in

Delhi so the decisions were taken in Delhi and entire country has to implement it that is called a stop down

down in the sense everybody else should follow it now you don't have Planning Commission no this

is the error what Niti ayog remember obviously would have heard Planning Commission is abolished now we are in nithya yogerra and Niti ayog largely

favors bottom-up approach see look at the name itself bottom up means what then take the inputs from the lower

levels let them take most of the decisions by themselves and after Consulting their inputs you

can take some decisions that is called as bottom up development model today fine and one of the objectives of nithya

ayog is to promote cooperative federalism also so that is the purpose of Niti ayog fine

so by the states have to come with the center bargain for money that kind of a system mostly has reduced for example as

I just now told so earlier it was all about five percent ten percent fifteen percent vertical Revolution what is the

percentage today 41 so that is also means what is favored more money is going from centers to

state that means vertical Federal vertical cooperation is favored there is a cons GST counsel is an

example for vertical cooperation there is a body called as interstate Council you may I don't know if you have heard

or not in the interstate council is also a body all this will discuss one of the other in various chapters that is also

an example for vertical cooperation clear but that is not enough because we

also have to work together States also have to work together for example like what you call as this look

at code itself during covert time a lot of States shared their best practices for example in Maharashtra they had

control better because you might have seen my Maharashtra number of cases to from there other states learn

find so many schemes are there welfare scheme for example oxygen cylinders were shared vaccines were shared they are all

called as horizontal cooperative federalism fine there are various schemes which was

first implemented in state level then from one state it went to another state from that state it has come to National

level also for example in like government of India influence a very famous scheme called as Pradhan mantri

krishi Salman nidhi krishi means every year government of India will transfer

6000 rupees to the small and taking us farmers in general fine but this is not government of India

scheme in the beginning it was started by a Telangana government as raithu bandhu scheme raito means farmer Bando

means friend Farmer's friend then from Telangana it came to odisha from odisha

it came to West Bengal from West Bengal government of India took it and made it as Pradhan mantri krishi nidhi

clear our very famous you might have heard a act called as RTI act RTI Act was not passed by the parliament of

India first it was first passed by Rajasthan then Goa then Tamil Nadu then Karnataka then parliament passed it as

RTI Act so what does all these things show one states can learn from another state

like there is another body called as zonal Council zonal Council means entire

country is divided into Zone north Zone Central Zone East Zone West Zone South

Zone Northeast Zone and in that zone like when you say North Zone north States all can sit together and come up

with common solution South South Zone South States will come together sit together and try to discuss and come to

some whatever problems they are affecting them come to a solution for that those are all for what

promote cooperation between the states got it so these are all this is our goal

actually so with respect to finances it can be it can be related to laws it can be related to policies Administration

anything we have to follow cooperative federalism largely centers should not

try to what control the states and States should also try to work with the center that is what you call it as

cooperative federalism this is the goal fine so same way I just sum up once for all and then we'll write same way you

have competitive also look at the word itself competitive federalism means what we should promote competition between

each other and this kind of competitive federalism started after 1991. so

obviously you know 1991 is a landmark here for India why what is the reason LPG reforms especially economic ones so

after that what happened obviously the lot of Investments started to come in because India started to open up means

that's what we technically economy done no not yet okay an economy they would have told you that with India

transformed from open or closed economy to open economy means open economy means

a lot of if it can be any Investments so let it come to India so that kind of

concept started now obviously when Investments tried to come up every state started to take the advantage means what

you come and invest in us so we'll give you less taxes we'll give you better infrastructure we'll give you this

policy that benefit land will give you at less cost this everybody strive to invest that that is when the idea of

competitive federalism started to come up so to promote positive com not a negative way they start to promote

compositive competition between the states fine so Center and States also try to compete to come up with better

loss means government of India also says we will reform labor loss electricity

related laws and so many things because labor electricity are all in concurrent government of India comes up with model

agricultural loss model policy model police law model land reforms like that

because to so that the states will also work together that I am also committing you also compete

ranking

what is he trying to promote competition between the states that remember they give the rank ease of

doing Business ranking they give sustainable development index ranks they give transpirational District program like

that many many are there they all are trying to promote competition and competitive federalism has actually

Jim Jim in the sense Global Investors meet recently if you have seen that very famous which happened in Andhra Pradesh

so jagan Mountain radio connected it's a very famous Global Investors made fine so like that every year every most of

the states try Maharashtra conducted before that I think before that uh

they conducted if most of the CMS or let's say state governments conducted Global Investors meet

fight to attract the name cells as investors means we will come here we'll give you all the facilities

now competitive federalism has actually favored India largely but it there is also a loophole for it not exactly

related to that but in general for example there is a concept called as Regional imbalance you might be knowing Regional imbalance means what

within a country some parts some states are better developed some states are relatively less developed

or it can be within the state also it can be Interstate imbalance or intra

State imbalance also interested within a state some part may be better

developed some part may be less developed for example you take the example of Maharashtra

fine so the area in and around Mumbai Pune is all very very much better developed in fact Mumbai is a financial

capital of India all those things we know but you look at the area in and around region what you call it as

water regions are all called as what farmer suicides capital of India

and then I don't have to explain that itself says everything to that level you have problems now within a state itself

now you compare South India or Center the Maharashtra Gujarat with the rest of India then again you have so much of

differences for example you look at the the UPN Bihar in general you know that

to what extent you have population you look at the mortality rate literacy rate infrastructural issues and all within up

you compare the Western up which is close to the Noida agents are relatively

better but you go to the easternmost up again again other issues or you go to

bundel countries and remember that if anybody manually having bundle condition you know South up so that region in

their own jhansi I think those are all areas are bundelkan right so look at bundel condition is one of the most what

do you call as this poverty poverty affected region of country now I think you're getting the point is

Sir why is it how is it related to competitive federalism the reason is before independent before 1991 this

difference was less most of the regions were more or less the same after 1991 what happened

private sector started to play greater role before we used to play greater role government so government deliberately

what they used to do they used to open ironing steel project a dams the roads everything everywhere wherever poverty

because politics they used to go there after 1991 private sector took the

advantage now where will will the private sector go for the benefit of saying no no I will improve this region

please give will any private sector say that private sector in general don't have that concept itself for them it's

what I should make as if I invest 100 I should get at least twenty percent thirty percent profit I should get

now normally where they go then wherever infrastructure is already there wherever I'll get employees for my company

wherever there is political stability taxation car virus is less security

let's say you go invest in chattisgarh region what is an excel's common attack what will you do

kashmirally

if you are an investor will you go you will also think the same so hence what happened investment

started to go to those areas which are already developed because in the moment you say I already developed

infrastructure is good roads are there Railways are there airports are there telecommunication is there uh educate I

mean engineering many whatever you call them as those people are there automatically funds try to go to those areas hence automatically what will

happen then Regional imbalance started to keep on increasing that's the reason remember is a very

famous Nobel Prize he has a very famous statement he says if the same way private sector functions in India in

another 20 30 years half of the India will look like Silicon Valley the U.S Silicon Valley another half will

look like sub-Saharan Africa means half of the area will look like I

mean very very huge huge under past what you call it is very rich other half will

look like that you have gone that's why there is a very famous Day in India in a statement called as India lives in different centuries at the same time

means if you go across India you will find people of all the all kinds of some

people will be still living in 15 16 Century kind of mind size some people will be artificial they are all already

living in 21st century 22nd century so all kinds of people mindsets

lifestyle everything will find India lives in different centuries at the same time

so because again the core reason is diversity too much of diversity too much of population

it is unimaginable that's the reason you have so much of issues this is negative view of

competitive federalism or in general 1991 reforms

you got an idea so that is competitive then you have confront rational or combative confrontation

confront confront means what negative differences conflict so that means Center and states

fighting with each other are states fighting with themselves vertical confrontation horizontal confrontation

for example in month of energy says we will not allow CBA to function in spangl what is it

Center straight when Tamil Nadu says we will not allow in portion of Hindi Center State or when Maharashtra says

will not only NCB to function or someone States the government itself is a major

reason one of the major reasons for confrontation because Governor rules will always be one or another misused I

told you the Telangana example Tamil Nadu example Maharashtra example Rajasthan example Karnataka example

there are many many those are all vertical confrontation so in Kerala says we will not Implement

citizenship Amendment act there is also vertical confrontation fine Tamil Nadu has said that we will

not Implement any new education policy itself they are they have already passed a bill against neet neet exam that that we

don't want need so all that shows the same that vertical confrontation is still there it has

reduced but it is still there similarly you have horizontal also interest rate water dispute it can be

what godavari narmada Ravi recently again you had the the Punjab haryana again issues going on that is also the

same our interest rate border dispute the what you call us is the bulgava dispute between Karnataka and

Maharashtra recently Assam and meghalaya disputes again Andhra Pradesh has some dispute like

that those are all horizontal confrontation between two states

got it so multiple things are going on at the same time so that's why they keep telling in India so this is this 2021

Mains question also that in India Cooperative competitive confrontational all kinds of federalism coexist coexist

means everything kept happening at the same time got it but always the goal is what

goal is cooperative federalism so that should always be our goal strong states make strong Nation

Cooperative all right

oh you're telling other countries of course even there it will be there even in U.S anywhere so this kind of

federalism will always be there but this Cooperative company is mostly Indian because there what will happen like if

you take U.S and all so States will have a lot of autonomy for themselves so then Center State cooperation relatively to

this extent is not needed in India obviously because Center is very powerful Center and threats have to

cooperate with each other a lot so that's why we these concepts are

mostly for India but wherever you have Center and straight that's common always it will be

there sometimes controversy will be there but in India controversy are more reason as I told too much of diversity

too much of issues and India is still that's why we keep telling India as a nation in making

we still have a lot of issues to be settled 56 maybe 60 70 we have settled another 20 30 35 percent problems are

still there I mean what we are telling with respect to Unity and integrity problem itself cultural differences

so so many issues are going on like whenever Hindi issue comes up you might have seen what is the level of operation

you will get it from the south because cultural issue or look at the TMC West

Bengal versus government of India issue because of the political issues like that it's all common

um yeah so yeah let's let's write this please

okay let's define it first then it refers to

oh it refers to the cooperation between

it refers to the cooperation between Center and states

it refers to the cooperation between Center and states as well as between the states

cooperation between Center and states

as well as between the states Center and States as well as between the

states to realize to achieve

to realize the goals of Constitution because ultimately that is the intention

of everybody do you realize the goals of Constitution

to realize the goals of Constitution under that you write this vertical cooperation

between Center and states

vertical cooperation between Center and states

write the example example example Niti ayog

so nithya yog favors cooperative federalism example

Interstate Council

Interstate Council in bracket you write article 263

Interstate Council article 263

then GST Council GST Council

so that is for vertical cooperation then horizontal cooperation

horizontal cooperation

as the name it says s between the states horizontal cooperation

between the states inverse example then example

sharing of the best practices it can be schemes laws anything sharing of the

best practices sharing of best practices again multiple

are there under that one of the famous one I'm just giving for that you write to Bandu scheme

r y t h u r y t h u right scheme bnba and dhu

that means Farmer's friend raitu Bandu scheme was first implemented by Telangana it is

about direct income to Farmers

scheme was first implemented by Telangana later

and West Bengal implemented it later wadisha and West Bengal

implemented it so then it became now till when West

Bengal jharkhand implements it or odisha implements it horizontal then from there

it became vertical that is later government of India implemented it as what

later government of India just write GOI later government of India implemented it as

Pradhan mantri krishi samman nidhi

Pradhan mantri krishi saman nidhi

Pradhan mantri krishi saman nidhi clear that is one then another example zonal

councils horizontal cooperation zonal consoles

right and broadly you can tell management of kovid

management of covid involved both vertical as well as

horizontal cooperation because I do not have to explain you understand both Center and States also work states also

work together management of kovid involved both horizontal as well as

vertical cooperation management of code involved both

horizontal as well as vertical cooperation

clear that is for cooperative federalism then providing competitive federalism

competitive federalism

again as the name it says s it refers to

it refers to the positive competition between

it refers to the positive competition

positive competition between Center and states

between Center and states as well as between the states

between Center and States as well as between the states

positive competition between Center and stress as well as between the states again the same to realize

the goals of Constitution so there is to work together to achieve better goals

to realize the goals of Constitution when again subdivide first one vertical

competition between Center and states first one

vertical competition vertical competition between Center and

states

between Center and States example

example both government of India and states

both government of India and states trying to

trying to bring reforms in both government of India and the states

trying to bring reforms in labor loss

because labor is a concurrent list electricity laws that is also concurrent

trying to make or bring reforms in labor laws electricity laws

fine FDI fii issues FDA FDA you might have heard FDA means

foreign direct investment Foreign Institute basically foreign investment related FDI economy is done then you

will unders FDI fii rules etcetera that is one you can also add

model loss broad by Center model loss why what do you mean by model

laws here it is called as model reason Parliament cannot directly make laws on it that's why they will give a

structures or a kind of broader framework based on the states have to make it model laws given by Center

model loss given by Center on police reforms

model laws given by Center on police reforms APN apmc Monday agricultural produce

marketing cooperatives apmc reforms apmc reforms tenancy reforms tenancy

means land related land lease everything tenancy reforms etcetera

clear so these are all both competing to bring better loss better rules then horizontal competition between the

states horizontal competition

between the states

fine so right various examples are there example swachh Bharat ranking

sustainable development index Swatch Bharat rankings

sustainable development index good governance index

good governance index

aspirational districts development program

aspirational districts development program Etc

aspirational districts development program Etc

fine you can also add Global Investors made conducted by States

Global Investors meet Jim they call it as Global Investors meet conducted by

States Global Investors meet conducted by the

states like that many are there these are all horizontal competition

well if you want in margin you clarify post 1991 this is just to give a as I

told the regional imbalance perspective post 1991 who has played greater role in

economy private sector has played greater role in economy post 1991

private sector has played greater role in economy

private sector has played greater role in economy this has increased the growth GDP

this has increased the growth but what is the loophole but it has also increased Regional

imbalance it has increased the growth

but it has also increased Regional imbalance

it has also increased Regional imbalance and get the reason because

private sector invested more

because private sector invested more in the already developed regions of

because the private sector invested more in the already developed regions of

West India South India and in and around Delhi

all those things so they invested more here only obviously other regions loophole

already developed regions of the western state that is Maharashtra Gujarat South India and areas in and around Delhi or

just right there automatically other areas relatively started to fall back

there is a negative loophole clear then Co-op sorry this

confrontational or combative federalism

next type confrontational or combative combat more or less the

same non-famous name is confrontational but some people also mention combative

confrontational or combative federalism fine some people also use the term

collaborative federalism collaborative is simple which one so you can write that name also very written Cooperative so the Indian get

confused that we have not studied it so collaborative Cooperative take it as the same our

collaborative also actually includes competitive also but broadly Cooperative collaborative

federalism also means the same fine yeah so come back so

confrontational or combative federalism again divide or you can write a broad definition it refers to the difference

of opinion or conflicts between it refers to the difference of opinion

it refers to difference of opinion or conflicts

between difference of opinion or conflicts between Center and states

between Center and states as well as between the states

conflicts difference of opinion or conflict between the center and stress as well as between the states and what is it obviously this is

this is a negative impact or this has a negative impact on India's development

or India's unity and integrity also early this has a negative impact on India's

development and unity and integrity

this has a negative impact on India's development

and unity and integrity fine under that first one vertical

confrontation vertical confrontation

vertical confrontation again the name it says s write the example there is between Center and stress example

example opposition to CBI by West Bengal

government not just West Bengal multiple states are there opposition to CBI

by West Bengal government

to controversy related to the office of Governor second example

controversies technically we called as politicization of governor also controversy is related

to office of governor related to the office of governor

if you're on the recent few I mean many many are there just the recent one if you want example recent Maharashtra

Telangana Tamil Nadu issues example recent Maharashtra

Telangana Tamil Nadu issues Maharashtra Telangana Tamil Nadu issues

and that is Governor then three Kerala opposed implementation of CIA in

their state Kerala opposed Kerala was against

Kerala opposed or Kerala was against implementation of CAA CAA means

citizenship Amendment Act Kerala was against the implementation of

CAA citizenship Amendment Act

by then Tamil Nadu government has opposed

Tamil Nadu government has opposed enep new education policy

Tamil Nadu government has opposed NEP and need

as opposed NEP and neet fine like that many many are there as I

said language cultural issues but these are few then horizontal horizontal confrontation

horizontal confrontation as I said between the states and right examples

Interstate water disputes Interstate water disputes like

ravibyas Punjab and haryana

Ravi bias dispute Punjab haryana kaveri Karnataka Tamil Nadu

ation everything is there but just write 102. then Interstate border disputes

Tamil Nadu

Interstate border disputes Interstate border disputes

the recent one you write Assam estate border disputes like

between Assam meghalaya Assam isram is also there Assam

the recent one is Assam Mega

Pradesh between odisha Andhra Pradesh of course

Punjab haryana is also there belgaum dispute between Karnataka Maharashtra

belgaum belgaum belgaum dispute Karnataka

Maharashtra so like that these are all horizontal

confrontations or conflict [Music]

which one that's what we have what kind of

Confrontation if you have suggested you're taking an opinion some difference of opinion is there but if Government of

India wants to do something states don't agree our Center is deliberately imposing something of course it's a

negative impact and it's I mean you can't say it is good what you can say is

it is part of the process means you can't avoid it it's like how you would have it's like typical

difference between parents and their children it's it's almost like that actually Indian model of Federalism is

the model of federal is the relationship between parents and children so central government is like parent

states are like children and obviously whatever you tell Ultimate Edition is with whom India method obviously you know so

whatever you try to say generational Liberty Freedom ultimately one or other more or less India's Federalism is also

like that one another way government of India will have the control fine differences are good but it should

not become a conflict so because then it will affect like Interstate border dispute actually it

affects India's I mean unit and integrity itself will be affected cultural differences will become that

will obviously affect a lot like for example I think remember the issue of

its in a way confrontation itself that's a concept called as if you heard there is a concept called

as

sons of soil Theory so what is it

what is Sons of cell theory he never regionalism itself the point is I mean the very famously it is

associated with shivsena that is the Mumbai for Mumbai or Maharashtra for marathis that's a very famous one but it

is there more or less across everywhere you have for example in Tamil Nadu that Tamil Nadu for tamils Karnataka for that

kind of a concept is what you call as sons of soil of the because of a lot of this migrations when

there and and because of migration what will happen people will come start settling doing business and everything automatically the employment issue will

come or the cultural issue will come language issue will come so hence you will have this this is what this is

obviously in a way horizontal confrontation between one one state another state not directly between

governments but between the people this is obviously a negative impact on India's unity and integrity when you

have senses or sons of soil Theory itself what does that indicate that our unity and integrity issues are yet to be

resolved we still are very strongly associated with our regions languages and cultures

we feel that one Regional Community or language Community is all one with other it becomes very difficult to

mingle all those things that's what you call it as sons of soil Theory clear it's a negative impact if you

don't know just write in margins all these things if you knew it's okay if it is first time or if you don't know

the details please keep noting it on all these are very important things for me to understand

so obviously I think you can easily write sons of soil the review means very just example you write Maharashtra for

marathis or marathas Maharashtra for Marathi

Tamil Nadu for tamils or Punjab for punjabis that's what you call it as sons of soil Theory

fine this is this gets reflected in jobs also for example I mean fundamental rights again we'll discuss this as of

now you only have the concept of reservation in government jobs fine in lot of States if you have heard

in haryana also they did it recently in Karnataka they have done Andhra Pradesh they have tried to do it Maharashtra

Maharashtra they try to do it wherein they say we will give reservations or

therefore they have told the private companies that you should give reservations for the locals local means

the sons of soil but remember as of now Constitution does not support

reservation in private sector Supreme Court has also not upheld reservation in private sector hence even

if a government say for example haryana told this last year 2022 May that you have to if you are a private company

working in haryana you should give Reserve jobs only for haryanvi's what you call it as a locals there at least

60 70 whatever 75 okay so I think Punjab and haryana

high court itself has stopped it then now it has the now the haryana government has again question against the Supreme Court so they will only tell

because election purposes political purpose they'll tell it but Constitution does not support it Supreme Court has

not supported it till now tomorrow what will happen we don't know as of no it's not there

so next time when you hear any states telling that okay we will make sure that if you come to power only locals will

get the jobs Constitution does not support it Supreme Court does not support it till now

so that is the idea clear other details will get it in in your when we discuss the idea of reservation article 16

though there will discuss okay so this now providing what else Federalism is left out

fiscal federalism some other one is left how many have we done six or seven okay

then I think that's the last one or did we write any list

fine fiscal federalism

so fiscal means what they might have heard in economy they keep telling fiscal policy so fiscal means obviously

referring to what the financial relations

I mean for asymmetric fertilization a lot of people also call it as what you call as this marble cake federalism so

like that multiple are there so that's not not necessary that's not famous names fiscal federalism

so two important bodies you have to study under fiscal federalism one is

what is it FC means Finance commission article 280. and the

most another most Planning Commission which was earlier now you don't have it but these are the

two most important bodies with respect to fiscal federalism so fiscal fatalism

that means it refers to the center State and between the states Financial relations Financial relations between

Center and states and between the states is what we call it as fiscal federalism the most important body is finance

Commission because look at it you have written an article what kind of a body is it then constitutional statutory

executive constitutional body but remember Finance commission is a temporary constitutional

body temporary means what it's not like upsc what upsc does

permanent every day it will function every day in the sense don't don't ask me then sir then what about Sunday the

permanent permanent means what it will exist always but Finance commission is not like that

they will give the report one or one one and a half year two years it will work they give the report after you give the

report your work is done you are discontinued then after two three years they'll establish another Finance

commission so till now we have established totally

15 Finance commission 16 maybe this year you will get it so as of now we are in the era of 15 Finance commission whose

recommendation will be implemented from 2021 to 2026 so this is 2023 so this year

they'll appoint 16 Finance commission they will give the report by 2024 yeah 2025. then that recommendation will be

implemented from 2026 to

ideally it was 20 20 to 25 20 25 it was like this because of the covet one year

is extended right so it gave an interim report all those things I'll tell you that NK Singh is the in casing was

adding this 15th Finance commission so basically Planning Commission is a temporary constitutional body it will

give the report its work is done so it is in charge of determining the major relation Financial relation between

Center and states clear right and normally Finance commission will have so many members

that all details will tell later basically it determines two things one it determines

first one is what for vertical devolution

means between whom sorry Devolution Devolution means in

quality take it as in simple words replace the word Devolution by

so what transfer so vertical definition means what then

transfer it vertically from the center to the states so horizontal

so as of now vertical definition is what as I said in simple words if Government

of India earns whatever States get that's left to you that separate but whatever like for example income tax

corporate tax customer Duty whatever the government of India directly gets out of

that 41 rupees will be given to the states but if you do not have only one State matlaba 28 states you have then what you

have to do then share that 41 rupees between the states that is what you call it as

horizontal Devolution for that there is a Formula it depends on in general in general I'll tell you firmware they

might have told you maybe a brief in economy also basically horizontal Direction means if you have more

population you will get more fund if you have more poverty you will get more fund

that's the core point and there are five factors right from 19 2011 population to

1971 what technically called as demographic performance what is your how

much tax are you collecting how much GDP you have how much Forest cover you have like that multiple are there but the

core reason is very simple if you have more poverty means I need to help you more Center will give you more money if

you have more population means automatically what does that mean you have more need hence I'll give you more

money that is a core reason clear that's what technically you call it as what horizontal devolution

so Finance commission plays a greater role in addition what Finance commission also does Matlab is in addition to 41

percent you live it that is Formula that will keep going Plus they give something called as

what do they give grinds in Aid so technically what is the difference

between Grant and Loan so look at loan you have to give it back in along with

the toward interest and that that will vary depending on is it a soft loan hormone that's a different issue

basically loan means you have to pay back along with interest then what do you mean by Grant then you don't have to

pay back forget about interest interest comes later you don't even have to pay back here

so that is called as Grand synaid so grants in nador also that means extra fund given by the center to the states

in air means for those who need it for those who need help aid means what help

so grants to help you that is technically called a statutory grants article 275. so these are all determined

by the finance Commission but earlier another body was there till

which year till Narendra Modi came to power that is 2015 which was a very very popular very very

powerful body when Planning Commission was there Finance commission literally was very weak so Planning Commission was

so dominant because vertical Devolution was only 10 percent or 15 percent

maximum Maybe by 2015 it might be around I think by 70 years at least 30 or 30

percent or 28 I think that was the level in other words 70 to 80 rupees who is to

have the control Center so Center used to determine which trade will get how much of money directly forget about

vertical Revolution so that's what technically we call it as discretionary Grant decisions

this word will you will keep getting these words in polity common discretion

remember the moment you get the word discretion in quality it means you take the decision on your own

that's what you mean by discretion means what I don't have to explain then so when you say discretionary grants that

means

nobody can sell me how to spend this money clear so that is called as discretion if

this goes if you misuse your discretion technically we call it as

arbitrary so discretion is a load arbitrary is not allowed

so arbitrariness means you are misusing your discretion you are not using it properly so

discretion is allowed because you can't make rules for each and everything sometimes you have to allow them to take

the decision okay that's not allowed so discretionary grants was given by Center to the states

even now they give it so when Planning Commission was there

when Planning Commission was there discretionary Grant was greater than statutory Grant so discretionary Grant

given by Planning Commission statutory Grant given by in simple words Planning Commission was

very very powerful body clear so in 2014 what happened Planning

Commission gone so now obviously you know which body you have

yoga so when nithya came up what happened remember nithya ayog does not have

Financial role means what they cannot determine how much money

should go to which states that power is taken out of reason reason is this because Planning Commission was

controversial because remember this was done by obviously Narendra Modi Narendra Modi was CM for Gujarat for 13 14 years

by then so he knew how powerful his Planning Commission he knew how the states had to bargain with the center

hence what he felt completely take it out will establish a

new system that's why here star here of course multiple issues were there it's all not

necessary here basically planning communication operation replace Benitez which has no Financial role now so

whatever Center used to determine discretionary Grant now it is determined directly by whom

nirmala Sita Raman Minister of Finance determines it or technically you can call it as PM itself but basically

finance ministry will determine it because Niti ayok does not have that clear so hence Planning Commission

actually has become relatively more powerful so 14 Finance commission gave 42 percent so 15 commission Finance

commission has made 41 actually it is 42 only that one percent is for Jammu and Kashmir Jammu Kashmir when 14th Finance

commission gave the report it was a state now what is it now UT UT months the name

is Union territory means completely controlled by whom Center so that one person Center keeps it themselves

that's why it is 41 percent fine so then have they told the

difference between centrally sponsored scheme Central sector scheme so what is the difference the government

of India implements two major schemes one is called as Central sector scheme second one is centrally sponsored scheme

so what is the difference

you've already done Basics or what okay so okay Central sector schemes

means basic points Central sectors K means hundred percent money government of India will give

100 so they will only implement it centrally sponsored means look at the word sponsor means what

for example if you might have heard these percentages like 70 30

80 20 90 10. so 70 30 means if you want to spend 100

rupees government of India will give you 70 rupees so you have to spend how much

you just have to spend 30 rupee so you may tell the uttar Pradesh that

I'll give you 70 30 this is 70 30 means means I will give you 70 crore how much you

put you put 30 crore let's implement the scheme if you make it as 100 code 10 000

code that's left to you that is the average normally 90 10 is for northeast states and Himalayan States

means you understood northeast states

normally get 90 10 means means what government of India will give you 90

crore you just put 10 crore let's implement the program sir why is it sir

special treatment obviously why because their states have less finances

they are poor hence you have to give there is no other option so rich states are normally given this

sometimes they also make it 60 40 but normally it is the very famous one is 70

30. 90 10. 70 30 for normal big States 90 10 for

the poor states so this is centrally sponsored schemes Central sector no sponsor there 100

money government of India will give you have to just implement it and most of the central sector scheme government of

India officers only will implement sometimes trades may also Implement that's a but in general government of

India will give 100 money that is called as Central sector

clear so these are all angles of fiscal federalism now again the real the recent controversy is that because of GST

Council now states have given up their financial power remember in taxes the economy they

might have told you this in direct tax indirect tax now indirect taxes all subsumed under GST you have only one

indirect tax obviously money of course States also have the shares cgsts GST

everything but lot of states for example you might have seen States like Tamil Nadu you implements lot of these free

things free food free this so many things they used to implement they used to do it because the entire excise tax

they used to control now access tax is still not the under GST

a lot of these indirect taxes no States cannot put directly they should get the permission of GST Council only then you

can make changes because

everybody is involved here so if you want to come up with anything new you cannot come up so easily

it's all done so like that multiple controversies are there but in general we are in a very

better state of India's federalism compared to what was there earlier it has improved a lot it's like a

progression like a decade by decade political parties people's awareness democracy media in general federalism so

it is in a very very good situation of course I am not saying control is I'm not there is still there so many issues

are still going on degree compared to earlier 70s or 80s or two thousands compared to that t today

actually in a better situation

yeah so plus let's write this this is a very important one it's understand Financial relations

um statutory grants is finance commission the grandson Aid

this grandson air given by Finance commission is itself with statutory Grant article 275. that again we'll

discuss in your art center State relations but that's what is your statutory grants article 275

so it is called a statutory because statute means what law because Parliament will pass along

give it to you that's why it is called a statutory Grant that's it clear a fiscal federalism let's define

it first it refers to it refers to

the financial relations between it refers to the financial relations

between Center and states

it refers to the financial relations between Center and States again and between the states as well as between

the states Financial relations between Center and

States as well as between the states and then clarify

two bodies two bodies

determine or used to determine earlier two bodies used to determine

the center State relations to a large extent

two bodies used to determine Center State relations to a large extent

to a large extent and that first one

Finance commission article 280.

to a large extent under that first one Finance Commission

Finance commission article 280. article 280 it is a temporary

constitutional body it is

a temporary constitutional body

established by the president

it is a temporary constitutional body established by the president every or once in every five years

temporary constitutional body established by the president once in every five years

once in every five years and what does that determine it determines

a determines vertical as well as horizontal devolution

or vertical Direction between Center and state and horizontal Revolution between states

it determines vertical Devolution between Center and states

vertical Devolution between Center and stress

and horizontal devolution and horizontal Devolution between the

states horizontal Devolution between the states

horizontal diffusion between the stress are present at present

15th FC has recommended at present 15th Finance Commission

15th Finance commission has recommended how much 41 percent vertical devolution

15th Finance commission has recommended 41 percent vertical Devolution in margin

you can carry for who is the heads and everything 15th FC headed by NK Singh

was a former IAS officer also 15th Finance Commission in casing

so at least recent three four you should remember 14 Finance Commission why we ready former RBA governor

14th Finance commission why we ready

13th Finance commission Vijay kelker

13th Finance commission Vijay kelker and 12th Finance commission C rangarajan

Vijay kelker 12th C rangarajan

C rangarajan when the first FC was added by Casey

neogi if you wonder just because it is the first Finance Commission foreign

first Finance Commission

right so that is one then you can also write in addition Finance commission also determines

in addition Finance commission also determines the grants in Aid

or typically mentioned is statutory grants in it in addition

Finance commission also determines statutory grants given by Center to the

states also determines the statutory grants

given by Center to the states bracket article 275

article 275. fine then the second body

planning a commission Planning Commission

Planning Commission it was an executive body

it was an executive body we already mentioned what are those it was an executive body

it was an executive body it used to determine discretionary grants

it is an executive body it used to determine

discretionary grants discretionary grants between

Center and states it used to determine discretionary

grants between Center and States when in bracket article 282

article 282 clear again clarify ideally

statutory Grant should be more than discretionary Grant this is ideal

because planning Finance commission should play always greater role ideally

SG statutory Grant should be more than discretionary Grant

statutory Grant should be more than discretionary Grant but

but in practice it was the reverse means discretionary grants was more because

Planning Commission used to dominate a lot but in practice discretionary grants was more

in practice discretionary grants was more file

then just clarify that in 2015 below in 2015 Planning Commission was abolished

and replaced by nithya ayog in 2015

Planning Commission was abolished Planning Commission was abolished and

replaced by and replaced by Niti ayog

and replace Fine Again clarify which has no Financial powers

which has no Financial powers and who does the role now

at present it is determined by finance ministry Ministry of Finance

at present it is determined by finance ministry

it is determined by finance ministry

right yeah again just sum up let's finally once for all in the recent decades I mean in the 21st

century you can say in 21st century India's federalism has moved from

in 21st century

India's federalism has moved from

quasi federalism India's federalism has moved from

quasi federalism towards cooperative and competitive federalism

because we have written so many examples what has changed it has moved from quasi federalism

towards cooperative and competitive federalism

however however confrontational federalism still exists

however confrontational or combative however confrontational federalism still

exists which has to be addressed

confrontational federalism still exists which has to be addressed by both Center

and states which has to be addressed by both Center

and states to to realize the goals of constitution

makers or Constitution to realize the goals of the Constitution

file so these are all broadly various types of federalism

yeah any kind of any question on federal because this is whatever we discussed today every year mandatory one question

is fixed in mains problems they'll ask about yes whatever we discussed yesterday features what is

the difference Zone which is the most important feature something like that what we discussed today is the main single very important one so just go

revise it take lot of time to understand so if you have not studied the win Basics and knowledge of no so revise it

multiple times tomorrow we'll start with your Preamble chapter then we'll continue so alien features will just sum

up whatever changes are small tissues are there but Preamble is a goal okay I

mean okay any doubts till now whatever we are done or Sunday first you have to