Class 2-Polity : Making of Constitution Offline & Online Guidance Program

THE AIMERS

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND VOTING POWERS 

www.theaimers.org.patelvastralaya.com

 A good evening goal

race chat box here with this chat book

okay any doubts in whatever we discussed in yesterday class of differences between so many key terms

huh please which classification

nature itself because again same logic use so when they wanted to create a nation for themselves for Jews so by the

time what had happened already Jews were spread across multiple countries there was a few in Germany three in Russia few

and so many other countries so what they all started to feel Jews are all spread across we all should get together and

then we should have our own kind of a separate country for a separate system for us so obviously it's a typical nation state only fine U.S is a

different example in fact a lot of people tell us also maybe you can call something like a India State Nation

because us if you can recall whatever you have people in there there there's

no common identity they all are people who came from most of them had come from Europe during that time then in 20th

century a lot of them migrated from Asia Africa African slaves all those things a lot of people even us is a bit confusion

because they don't have a typical what do you call it the civilization or anything so but that's okay so fine so

most of the examples fall under this huh okay

Taiwan is a bit different in fact if you have seen now globally a lot of countries actually don't recognize Taiwan as a country also even India

doesn't recognize officially India doesn't recognize Taiwan as a separate country we recognize it as what part of

China itself so because China recognizes it as part of themselves we also recognize the same

no sir we'll start recognizing them as a separate if you start recognizing as a separate country then India China

relations will get affected right so Taiwan very difficult thing but because

according to the history if you have go through so a lot of people from here they migrated they went there and then

captured that land and then made it a separate country so broadly you keep these examples

especially most of these Concepts so what is the base of this Europe is

the base of all this right so Europe is the base for all

these kind of definition that's why obviously when you apply it to other countries or other continents so there

is a comp what do you call this some difficulty in applying these Concepts that's the reason they are familiar with an idea called a civilizational state

also but it is still not globally accepted yeah yeah so then yesterday we have

discussed so many aspects like for example if they ask written Constitution is mandatory for democracy then the answer is

no obviously it is not written Constitution if there is a return Constitution there will always be

democracy that means just because you have a written Constitution is it guaranteed

that you will have democracy that is also not sure so Germany under Hitler keep that in mind so during that Germany

under Hitler phase you can't call it as democracy so because there was author there are differences between authoritative totalitarian everything

will lead to that basically fine so then uh constitutionalism recall that constitutionalism or constitutional

state or constitutional government so what is the key word for all of them yeah this

limited government is the key term means there should be no concentration of power so constitutionalism is the goal

Constitution is the means Constitution is the path file so it is best media one

of the best medium available 2021 couplings question definition of

state so those four key components recall that so what are those four key components population

territory government sovereignty so sovereignty was the key

word for the 2020 on prelims question like for example sometimes they keep talking about

have you heard they keep using these two terms sometimes they use the term

these are all Basics to understand these are term subjects they use the

term citizens now is there a difference between that is there a difference between zones of

people are subjects and so and so people are citizens

citizens have rights correct so then as of now we are subjects our citizens

then citizens so then when were we subjects British rule or the king's rule more or

less we were subject so subjects means always understand there is a concept of ruler there is a concept of ruled ruled

means Common Man fine kind of heaven then the ruler whoever is in power will not be accountable or answerable or

responsible to the people subjects means fine that subjects do not have any kind of control means what

let's say for example subjects are not happy with the way so once a person is functioning can they take that person

out of power you don't have that power when you are what subject so subjects are normally under a

monarchy under addicted shape under a colonial rule under a feudal era you will not have any rights they will not

be responsible for your welfare you cannot question them they are not answerable to you you don't have any power to take them out of power

completely reverse it in citizens and citizen is mostly associated with what system then democracy wherein democracy itself means

popular sovereignty yesterday I have told means what the people in power can be elected not can be will be elected by the Common Man

one or other way it can be directly elected indirectly the citizen issue but people will have the power to choose who

will govern them so will they have fundamental rights then of course yes and the government is

responsible answerable to you not just answerable government is responsible for the citizens welfare welfare means to

give you a better education better health care whatever you call them as governments will be answerable for your

welfare that is called as Citizens so got an idea basic idea of course you

may keep on going in depth but this is a basic idea so please write few aspects again differences what do you mean by

subject subject or subjects subjects means which system

yeah people are called subjects in a monarchy they are called subjects

in a monarchy or colonial rule

in a monarchy colonial rule or dictatorship

monarchy colonial rule or dictatorship fine so what is the differences here

here people will not have any rights in subjects we are writing

here people will not have any rights

people will not have any rights they do not have any control

or they do not determine who governs them any which way you can right people will not have any rights

they will not determine who rules them who governs them that means who will become PM who will become president or

whatever so they will not determine who will govern them it's automatically reverse from the

king's perspective or the ruler's perspective the people in power are not answerable

or accountable to the Common Man people in power

people in power are not answerable

people in power are not answerable to the

right and what they obviously don't care about so yeah the same one rulers do not care

about people's welfare or they are not answerable for people's welfare

people in power not answerable for people's welfare

rulers are not answerable for people's welfare

right this is the core idea now completely reverse it citizens so where do you find it then

people in a democracy are called citizens

people in a democracy

people in a democracy are called citizens

people in democracy are called citizens fine they will have rights

exactly opposite question they will have rights

they determine who governs them

they will have rights they determine who rules them who governs them

they will determine who governs them

and then people in power are answerable

for their actions for their decisions people in power

are answerable for their decisions

people in power are answerable for their decisions

fine as well as if you want miserable for what as well as peoples will fail

as well as people's welfare

fine so that is a basic idea about again terms called as subjects and citizens because that is where normally in the

beginning one for your conceptual Clarity two Prince maybe if because most of you are appearing so that is how it

confused right okay come back let's start with the another chapter making of

Indian constitution so obviously as I said Modern India is done try to recall so by the what do you call as this

Simon commission had come up and then as an as a counter to that because it was all completely including only the what

you call as this white men so all the Committees together formed what motilal nehru all the parties together from this

motilal nehru committee then they made a kind of a in fact that itself you can call it as India's first constitution

itself so then obviously a lot of developments started to happen so that is when they start to realize by 1930s

itself that that we should make our own Constitution make us independent we'll create our own Constitution because

demand all those things had already happened so that's why they were demanding because earlier if you can trace by 1910s home ruling all those

things they are not demanding complete Independence they were only asking for what kind of dominion status like Canada or Australia fine but after Purna swaraj

therefore Congress did not call for Dominion status they were only demanding what complete Independence and and make

us we will make our own Constitution that was the demand so that demand obviously started to happen in 1930s for

the first time it was demanded by Amin Roy amen Roy means obviously would

have heard the father of or you can say coinda founder of the Communist Party he was the first person to demand that we

should have our own constituent some League to make Constitution then obviously Congress took it up so started

to have a lot of things try to happen but when did the British accept only because of the impact of the second

world war so because if we can recall what's up Modern India because access power Allied Powers all

those things India British had already taken part they want the support of Congress or the support of India

because so many people they wanted to recruit all those things so then they started to promise because so many other

countries try to put force on them so first time they agreed in 1940 that's what you call it as Augusta for 1940. so

that okay fine we will give you your own constituent assembly but then there were some issues because if you can recall in

Modern India they would have told those statements that that said that it will include mostly Indians that means it was

not told it will be completely Indians so then we and they did not promise the independence they are only talking about

what Dominion status so because Congress had by then rejected Dominion we wanted

Independence August offer did not work then again two years later Crips Mission

so Crips Mission Stafford Crips so he can then they also offered again because of the U.S pressure and all those things

even in that they did not offer complete Independence it was still Dominion status fine so even that got rejected

finally after second world war by that time obviously more or less it was clear that they can't keep on continuing for

all all those things they would have told so finally they agreed that okay fine we will create a constraint assembly consisting only of Indians so

that is when the plan finally got a grid which is called as the cabinet Mission plan 1945. this was after second world

war clip so then they created it then the elections happened next year all those things is there so got a brief

idea so now let's note down that facts if you have not first one you mentioned mnri was the first Indian

these are all very basic facts amen Roy was the first Indian

to demand first Indian to demand a separate constituent assembly

first Indian to demand separate constituent assembly

then Congress started to demand the same

then the Congress started to demand the same

then the Congress started to demand the same

the next point in the backdrop of

in the backdrop of or during the second world whatever in the backdrop of Second World War

to get the support of Congress or you can say Indians to get the

support of Congress British agreed

to get the support of Congress British agreed to create

British agreed to create a separate constituent assembly

British agreed to create a separate constraint assembly for the first time

British agreed to create a separate constraint assembly for the first time in August of our 1940.

for the first time in August of our 1940.

August offer 1940 but what is the result however it was rejected by

however it was rejected by Congress said because Dominion State they had they

have were not talking about independence all those things but that's not necessary so just right however it was rejected by

the Congress when there is August offer you can underline that August offer next Point

British again offered it in the Crips Mission plan or Crips mission

British again offered

British again offered it under Crips mission

again offered it under the Crips mission again the same it was also rejected by

Congress again offered it under the Crips mission 1942 obviously the failure of which led

to quit India movement British also India also or you can say congress also rejected it

Congress again rejected it fine next point after second World War

after second World War cabinet Mission gave a plan

after second World War cabinet Mission gave a plan

1945 cabinet Mission gave a plan in 1945 which was agreed by both Congress and

Muslim League Congress gave a plan

which was agreed sorry cabinet Mission gave a plan which was agreed by both

Congress as well as Muslim League which was agreed by both

the Congress and Muslim League so now write those members so below that so try to recall that India that would have

told who are the members of the cabinet Mission plan all those things yeah please write that

Lawrence was the head Lawrence

Lord Patrick Lawrence was the head Stafford Crips and AV Alexander were

other members Stafford cribs

the same person was head of the Crips Mission plan and AV Alexander

Stafford trips and AV Alexander were other members

fine now you put that in composition of constituent assembly how many members were there how were

they elected at those points composition of

composition of constituent assembly

composition of constituent assembly

so let's write the points first we will discuss it first point

it was created under just now we wrote it was created under

cabinet Mission plan it was created under cabinet Mission

plan keep reading in points created under the cabinet Mission plan

then first point I mean next Point under that total strength was total strength of the

assembly was total strength of the assembly was

389

so right like this whatever split it total strength was 389 out of that 296.

296 again splitted 292 and 4. so 292 were for whom

British provinces the typical Madras Bombay Bengal 292 British provinces and four CCP means

Chief Commissioners provinces 292 for British provinces for chief

Commissioners provinces fine sir what were those four Chief commissioner provinces there itself in

bracket you write if you have space or somewhere in margin which were these four

five one Delhi Chief commissioner provinces itself is what over report has evolved and become

today's Union territory same concept only one is Delhi second one is ajmer there are just one

Delhi ajmer three British Balochistan which later obviously became part of Pakistan

just write Balochistan where you still have the problems going on

Balochistan and foreign

so these were the four Chief Commissioners provinces which had members

then princely States is more than obvious I don't have to tell so many are there right from Kashmir to Hyderabad to

Mysore to yeah many many are the travancore like that many are there okay so that is the overall strength 389

subdivide 296 93 292 for all those things

clear ah next point number of seeds

number of seats were allocated number of seats were allocated based on

the population so that is more than obvious any democracy anywhere

number of seats were allocated based on population

number of seats were allocated based on population next point

the seats of the provinces British provinces the seats of British provinces

were divided between the seeds of British provinces

the seats of British provinces were divided between

Muslims sick and general

the seats of the British provinces were divided by Spain Muslims sick and general

we will discuss that there is a concept called a separate electorate joint electric everything divided between Muslims Sikh and general clear then

members members members of the community members of that

community members of that Community were elected

members of that Community were elected by the already elected members

members of that Community were elected by the already elected members

who are part of who are part of provincial legislature

elected by the already elected members who are part of provincial legislature

and belong to that community

and belong to that Community we discuss it so what do you mean by that and belong to that community

clear next one election was based on this selection whatever you wrote about

that election the selection was based on p r s t v

this election was based on PRS TV system right PRS TV in capitals PRS TV system

and in bracket you clarify proportional representation

PRS TV system proportional representation with single transferable vote

proportional representation with single transferable vote

proportional representation with single transferable vote clear

next last point we discuss all of them let's write it first next one members from princely States

members from or members of princely states were nominated

members of the princely states were nominated by the head of header that is Kings or queen whatever

you call them as members of the princely states were nominated by the princes or Kings

nominated by the Kings

sir what is the point about United that's what as I said Chief Commissioners provinces what British

used to call later that only became what we call it as union territories today

okay fine now before going to these points we need to understand some other Basics because we have used the term

prstv all those things so first let's understand this basic idea obviously

I think what a brief because subdivided during British India when you say you had two major components one is called

as British provinces second one is princely States so British provinces if we can recall what British Province

means the moment you say that directly under the control of whom British direct rule so they'll put a governor they'll

rule it princely states not under Direct Control so if you want in margin you can write princely states were under the

they use these words pristly princely states were under the

princely states were under the suzerainty or

paramounty of British crown British sorry princely states were under

this suzerainty or Paramount C of British crown

that means they have accepted their rule but then British will not come and Rule you directly you will have your own King

your own Queen whatever it is but broadly ultimately you are also under who's control British only that is called as

suzerainty suzerainty angle you don't use for provinces you use for whom princely States presidential paramounty

means that yes Queen is Paramount for us that is the point so Serenity or Paramount see clear that is one Angle

now before going to prtv all those things let us discuss another one remember in elections you have first

major type is what we call it as today

one is joint electorate

remember in Modern India they would have told I think they might have explained separate electorate also or basic idea

called as Lord Lord Minto is called as a father of separate electorate all those things you can also use another term for separate electorate

so all mean the same now what do you mean by joint electorate so any idea

everybody will vote yeah fine let's take a simple example now what present you have remember we have reservation for SC

and St in at present only in Lok Sabha and

assembly so first these are these are all very basic points understand Indian constitution provides reservation only

for SC and St with respect to Lok Sabha and assembly so then OBC WS that is job

we are not talking about government jobs we are talking about what in the legislature means

at that point we are talking only for SC and St remember in the last one week 10 days they are all demanding

women reservation bill is pending from 1996 what are you doing now the whatever the regional part is so called third

front everybody are getting together that is women reservation they are demanding it is still not given

according to the Constitution it is only for SC and St only in Lok Sabha and assembly so then rajya Sabha May in

rajya Sabha there is no reservation for provision sir Council obviously no only

in Lok Sabha and assembly clear how does that happen sir which state is allocated that will discuss under delimitation

commission let us not discuss now let's stick only to Joint electron now let us

take a seat whatever like let's say Delhi South Delhi not like how you have constituencies

Varanasi like that for example let us say this seat is reserved for SC

find some X constituency constituency Matlab you have an idea right Varanasi Narendra Modi prime minister represents

so that is a constituency constituency means particular geographical area

all those things fine let us say it is reserved for SC so on what basis there is a that let's keep it for Parliament

let's not discuss now the basis of reservation let us say it is reserved then what will happen for example let's

say a b c and d four candidates want to contest election now what is the simple reason all of

them should belong to which category then all of them should belong to a c category

clear so candidate should belong to the reserved category now let us say in this

x constituency 100 people are voting or hundred people are present you make it as one lakh one crore all the same

100 people are there now out of them there will be there will be people who belong to high cost obcs so many will be

there no who will vote then all reload

all will vote all in the sense whoever is eligible to vote all we load then you call it as what system

joint that's why it is called as joint electrode candidates will belong to the result category but voters will belong

to what voters will be all so remember so candidates reserved

voters everybody there was a small change then what do you mean by separate electorate then

which obviously so British used to do it for so many they would have told you the days to that was the system was there

for Muslims Sikh Europeans Christians like that many multi not today we're telling British time exactly it was the

point same constituency let us say X fine let us say it is reserved for

Muslims so then if a b c and d four are contesting all of them should belong to

what now let us say 100 people are are present in this constancy fine 30 people

are Muslims now then we load only Muslims reload then the system

separate electorate got the best idea so basic idea is simple separate electorate means the

candidates will also belong to the result category voters will also belong to the result category what do you mean

by joint allocate only candidates will belong to result category then who are the voters

all yeah please write this first point somewhere clarifying margin

small difference if you know it's fine if you don't please note down because I it is my duty to clarify all

the basic points first is joint electron so just write in simple words what do you mean by gentle

trade the candidates will belong to the result category

the candidates will belong to the result category but

but joint electorate only the candidates belong to the reserved category

only candidates belong to the result category voters voters can belong to any category

that means your religion cost doesn't matter there voters can belong to any category

voters can belong to any category voters can belong to any category at

present this is in India at present India follows joint electorate

at present India follows joint electorate at present India follows joint

electorate with reserved seats for at present India follows joint

electorate with reserved seats for as I said whom SC and St only in Lok Sabha and assembly

India follows joint electrode with reserved seat only for SC and St only in

Lok Sabha and assembly

fine then there was the point separate or communal electorate here

both the candidates as well as voters belong to the result category here

both the candidates here both the candidates as well as

voters both the candidates as well as voters belong to the reserve category

that depends I have that depends on delimitation commission Election Commission so it may change after three

four elections it may not change also so it depends on so many factors its not

so easy typically Election Commission will decide practically fine so both the voters as well as candidates belong to

the reserved category that is called a separate electrate again mentioned British used to follow it

British used to follow it for Muslims Sikh so many were there just write two

three anglo-indians Christians Etc

British used to follow it with respect to Muslims sick Christian Etc Indian constitution

doesn't support it British used to follow it with respect

to Muslims Sikh Christian Etc

Indian constitution does not support this

Indian constitution does not support it

OK that is one basic difference now second basic difference we need to understand because we have mentioned

about prstv before coming to PRS TV we should understand there is first system called as what

first pass the post please for the heading if you knew it's fine if you don't just

note down first past the post

that is fptp so what do you mean by that let us take the same example

let us say a constituency x fine let us say 100 people are voters

there are four candidates a b c and d fine

let us say I've got 35 volts 30 25

so how much is the score 60 90 10. it finds obviously who is elected

now a is elected now only that means out of 100 orders actually how many chose EA

35 in other words how many have actually rejected here 65 percent have actually rejected but it

does not matter for us so still a is the person who is elected

so he is he getting more than 50 percent of the and that means I mean logically speaking what we keep telling at least

fifty percent should be in your favor then you are elected but here 50 are not in your favor

but it doesn't matter you should just get the highest votes not the majority

majority means always remember when they use the word majority in polity that means more than 50. when they use the

word highest it doesn't matter more than 50 or less than 50 does not matter you are the highest voter fine so you should

just get the highest number of words to get elected in fptp in India obviously we follow this most importantly one is

in Lok Sabha second one is again legislative assembly in both the cons in

both the aspects we follow fptp clear first the first first possible if

you don't know other basic for example let us say we follow today something called as

not also correct now let us say the words is like this 30

25

. now let's make it more reverse okay 30

10 10 10 10 means 36 40.

fine so then who is elected then it is still a at present the system is

such a way that even if no targets the highest votes it doesn't matter who has

got the second highest that person is elected because or else if you make if you consider it as not as

elected then what is the option then you have to reconduct the election General again again general election they are

not General let's say for that unnecessary expenditure again so that is the reason at present we follow this

model wherein it does not matter even if Nota gets highest words the second election

clear now let us say another concept same let us say it is 30

30 20 10 .

now here and we have got equals equal words then who is elected

election so at present what they do is for

example when they count and when there is a tie they will recount it first let's say if there is a try again then

according to the RP act 1951 representation of people like 1951 whoever the presiding polling officer is

there he will have the authority to pick the lottery and whoever gets that is considered as

elected right practically what happens is at present system first they'll count EVMS

let's say they'll recount TVM again even then there is a what type then they'll count the VV Pat have you heard what are

verifiable paper auditorial method there is kind of slips if you go to you know if you go and vote in the elections if

you have observed you'll get a slip actually in which there it will show which candidate you voted for who is whatever all those things that slips the

account even in that if there is a tie then they follow this method

so that is practically how it happens basic point you understand if there is a tie RP act Lottery there is no concept

of re-election understood this is fptp so got a base idea please write

huh

that's different that is to get to that is to get to power

get to power in the sense if you if BJP wants to make a gunman that is one this is not about it this is about in a

particular constancy if you want to get elected for example in allahabad if you want to

get a trade this one what you are telling is exactly that is to come to power this is

to become MP or MLA that comes after that is majority party rule that that's what you are talking

and that will discuss under your parliamentary system good idea please just write this fptp first pass the post

system right so where do we follow it

present it is followed with respect to Lok Sabha and election

at present it is followed at present it is followed in

Lok Sabha and Assembly Election legislative assembly

now what is the key Point here here the candidate which gets the or

candidate who gets the highest votes is considered elected that's it

here the candidates who gets the highest votes

here the candidate who gets the highest votes is considered as elected

is considered as elected right if you want those extra two points you can add

even if Nota gets highest words even if Nota gets highest vote

even if Nota gets highest votes still it is who

the second highest voter radar the person who has got second highest votes is elected

even if Nota gets the highest votes the person who got second highest votes is

elected the person who got second highest votes will be elected

clear then if you want if there is a tie that is equal words

if there is a tie between multiple candidates if there is a tie between multiple

candidates if it is a tie if there is a tie between multiple candidates

according to RP act 1951 if there is a tie between multiple

candidates according to RP act representation of people at RP act Matlab

representation of people act 1951

representation of people like 1951 a lottery will be picked

please draw a lot whatever you call it as the lottery will be picked by the respective officer pulling officer

Lottery will be picked by the respective polling officer

right so that is a basic idea of what do you mean by first pass the post and where do you follow Lok Sabha and assembly now there is another system

broadly first called as prtv comes later first you should understand first called

as what proportional representation look at the

name itself proportional guy proportional means what the number of

seats that a party gets in the legislature is proportional to what the number of words you get the

percentage of votes you get that is a basic idea for example remember if you have heard the criticism Congress keeps

on saying this multiple times now for very simple reason let's say even in 2014 actually they used to tell us tell

this a lot in 2014 Lok Sabha election if you can recall BJP had got somewhere around 280 seats

or 285 2019 it crossed 300 as a single party fine I think let's say

if he can recall Lok Sabha strength 543 fine BJP got let's say 280 Plus

fine that means what actually it is more than how many seats more than 50 of the Saints but what is but what is the vote

percentage they got but BJP vote percentage what was at that election I think somewhere around 30

37 35 whatever 36 percent I think 35 Point something plus or minus two

somewhere there fine this is the word percentage now if you can recall how much did Congress get the

seats in that election 45 or something look at the difference

but what is the percentage of words they got the percentage of words is not like two percent or three percent they got

somewhere around of course we fee we keep feeling that

nobody likes Rahul Gandhi that's a different issue but the point is it is not like that if you look at the percentage of words

percentage of what difference is very less look at the number of seeds difference 45 where is 45 where is 280 Plus

is there is there any match here there is no match at all if the same election actually if you can recall the same Lok

Sabha election 2014 you take uttar Pradesh obviously a lot of you will be from uttar Pradesh uttar Pradesh has somewhere around what 80

seats right loks itself exactly okay fine 80 seats then in the

2014 election I think BJP got 70 2 72 fine there's another party if you

can recall mayawatika bsp you know how much got bsp got in 2014.

0 if you think nobody nobody voted it is actually not like that BJP got again

37 yeah 38 percent let us say bsp got

its not legs in nobody voted 30 percent people have voted but what's the seat

zero look at the difference

because because we are following fpt pieces doesn't matter you get more you

get one lakh votes more you are still you're just elected but proportional representation is not

like this proportional representation is a that different types of proportional representation in proportional

representation is simple number of seats for a party

this is the core principle they follow number of seats for a party is proportional to

percentage of votes for the party

like this you follow this now let's say you have 30 or sorry 80

seats out of 80 if people number 38 percent of people of uttar Pradesh have voted for BJP means you give 30 38 seats

for BJP thirty percent have voted for bsp means you should give 30 percent Reach For Whom then bsp only

but are we doing like this we are not doing it so because we don't follow that system itself so it looks better then

why are we not following it if you follow it how many parties are there then everything will get completely

split even now it is so much split imagine how many political parties are there in India if you go for that then

there is no end at all nobody can Farm government because if you want to form the government you should have more than

50 seats in the legislature if you want to get more than 50 says how much percentage votes you should get then

more than 50 votes also you should get and no party can get more than 50 percent it is highly impossible because

you have to get like huge support considering India's diversity divisions religion caste was a region it is very

very impossible Maybe but in practice at present even

considering Narendra modi's popularity also it is impossible because they can only get 38 36 39 maximum

so then how do you form a government then majority governments you will not get Matlab Coalition governments is the

only option and you have Coalition Coalition means simple as you know right multiple parties have to get remember

vajpayee government 2019 to 2004 15 political parties one five how do you

manage 15 political parties political parties you have to manage

imagine what all demands will help will any political party give you support just like that what will they tell give

me two cabinet minister foreign minister this Minister only should give me don't sign this agreement don't send that

agreement how many compromises used to famously call it as compulsions of coalition compulsions

you like or you don't like you should agree because it's a compromise sir why should I why should I you have to compromise or

else what did the party do will just take back the support then your government is gone

so hence if you have if we follow proportional representation in Lok Sabha elections it will lead to

what you call as this Coalition governments every major election every year that means instability is more

automatically Edition making everything will be a huge issue right that's the reason normally we

don't follow clear that also we will discuss later basic point you are you got it right what do you mean by proportional number of seats is for a

party is proportional to the number of votes for a party right that's why what they do in proportional representation

as I said many types are there when you go and vote in the election you don't go for go and vote for the candidate you

vote for whom party directly in general proportional difference there are many types in

general point is that but here what we do we vote for a candidate as well as party

means you choose both and then you you vote but there you only vote for a party then they will choose the candidates

that's a different system completely so let's now get into that basically this is the idea under this one of the type

is what you call it as proportional representation with single transferable vote that we follow are present in

president election vice president election rajya Sabha election Council election so what is that was single

transferable what let's keep it to president election because there are so many Concepts there what do you mean by first prayer for

example now let us say when if you have voted in election in evm you will have let us say five candidates are the ten

candidates are there now you go and then you only choose which one whichever candidate you want to you press that

vote and then you come back it is as simple as that but when you vote in PRS TV you give priority for all

the candidates in simple words I will not mention all the details PRS TV works

like this let us say for example there are

five candidates now let us say you're going for Lok Sabha or Assembly Election how do you vote you will say okay I like B

then your voting is done this is fptp PRS TV is like

I want here to get elected first if a Is Not Elected I want

B to get elected if not b then C then the Denny

Liberties what are you doing here you are giving priority for all the contesting candidates there are five

candidates you have to give a priority if not this then if not them then if not

him then like that that is the basic idea of PRS TV then they will count it and then they

will transfer it that we will discuss under your president election clear please write the basic point I

think you got an idea did we write what do you mean by fpdp or not you have written then for the adding

proportional representation not PRS TV as a whole just proportional representation

then if you have no write this core point this is the core point

number of seats for a party in

legislature is proportional to percentage of seats for a for the party in

general election

sir what is not as I said nauta means what ibpsc gives for every option none of the

one of the world like the same one none of the above actually super UPI would so

it was not introduced by Parliament or Election Commission Supreme Court introduced the concept of Nota under pocl case

right that will discuss later in electoral reforms note option was introduced by Supreme Court in pucl case

if you didn't know that you can write that also Nota means none of the above introduced

by Supreme Court in pucl case people's Union for civil liberties case

none of the above introduced by Supreme Court in pucl pucl is an engine they

keep giving a lot of these reports

pucl people's Union for civil liberties it's an NGO

according to the Supreme Court what is the use of notice asking according to Supreme Court the idea is that in a

democ democracy it's it's built on people's participation the idea is that because early a lot of people used to

tell before notice let's say you don't like any candidate then the process was there

will be a separate book given to you you have to go write your name there saying I I don't want to vote for anybody then

you just go that words were not even counted it was just kept like that but you have

just went there and a lot of people used to if it is not even content why should I go and represent myself then at least now you are giving them an

option please come and tell your ones now what is the how will it impact for example I'll tell you a curious example

like last week in uh because in you know that obviously incisely there was a

candidate who died last week I mean a person a politician major politician he had won an election by one vote

one vote one single word now let us say on that candidate for example another I

mean voter had said okay I will I will just go and put Nota for someone

if that one ended with with what one would you win if that one person had had

mentioned Nota that means the election would have become tight most audience what happens if for a

voter let us say you're going for it actually most of the Indians I mean most of the times especially youth they don't

like any candidate out of compulsion they go because someone is selling a summer whatever issues that time what you do okay who is

close to me so who I know who is more famous they may go and just put the pattern there

at least when you have a note of what you may do you may we don't know we you may press No Doubt that actually may

change the result also like in they have identified in the chattisgarh election last when I think 2019 or 2020

their note actually has determined low at least around 15 to 20 seats results is determined because of Nota

so it has got I don't know exactly percentage five or six percent of the overall have voted for Nota in general

if not I was there they would have voted for some other party so seats would have gone there

so like that is there though not a huge impact maybe a very small percentage of impact that's why in Maharashtra few

early years back they told if in case Nota gets the highest words they said we will conduct a re-election

in Maharashtra they said for municipalities Maharashtra State Election Commission but at present we

don't follow it don't keep it in mind so because then you may get confused nowhere it is

towards second highest candidate is the winner okay what is that notar so that Supreme

Court introduced it in pscl case if you don't know about VV pad also please write Vivi Pat VV Pat right Vivi patin

capitals v v p a t voter verifiable

voter verifiable paper voter verifiable paper audit

Trail t-r-a-i-l means voter can verify physically that okay all those things

what are verifiable paper auditor again the same introduced by Supreme not Parliament not elections

subramanyam Swami case it's gonna be the same

case

subramanyam Swami case because the reason was very simple

phases are there clear the elections used to happen in ballot paper means you go press like you

put an ink and then you put there or some kind of will we get you put that so fold it and then you that kind of a

ballet paper but during the time the problem was use Booth capturing Booth capturing means

close to whichever really in let's say in a area or in a village something is powerful they'll come and capture the

both take all the pellet papers that's it put it in the Box

so then why should why are other people waiting then so that is what technology realization

of politics so many criminal activities try to happen then to avoid this what happened if you have a very famous

election commissioner called as TNC very famously

so then what after two three years they introduced him in EVMS you can't just keep on

pressing your resist can press only once

then only you can so the concept of Booth capturing gone when they introduce

okay okay ballot paper at least I was sure that okay I've pressed for this person I know I have seen it and then I

am putting it let us say our pvm is

getting the point let us say you have pressed for a a candidate below is a candidate what is the guarantee that yes

that's when they again people Supreme Court saying what is the guarantee so then they said okay fine we need you

need a garage in the allowed election hackathon hackathon means

you have can see if you can if that and a lot of this happens then Election

Commission dispute everybody and said actually what you if you are pressing for a it is going for here only it is

almost impossible to hack it you can't change the numbers like how we hack viruses all those nothing can happen it

was proved but still Supreme Court failed people should have confidence in the system

because I should feel you may prove anything what is the guarantee what we'll do is after you press a

button we will display a paper what you call it as VB pad that will be there for I think 10 seconds so there

you will get the candidate name Party symbol although then it will dip into a box that is BB pad system

explanation of both evm as well as ballot paper is the trust of the Common Man in the

election system they have introduced vivipet okay huh

okay good I think when we sit there it may

okay Vivi Pat was very simple what I said was when they had introduced evm there was a

problem that people were not sure what they are voting and who they think the vote is the same or not hence vvpat was

introduced but present if you press a button in evm so you will also get a slip so in which they'll display the

candidate name the Party symbol the party where some number will be given to that candidate all those things and that

can that slips may be counted if there is a type not count VV Pat remember in

practice they'll only count EVMS in evm there is a if you press a button they'll give you clearly the numbers who each

candidate has got one they'll only count that when other things lets not discuss

it now did you write this proportional representation fine now come back

now look at your constraint assembly composition now we will understand everything for that Basics we did all these things

so look at the first point 389 split that is more than obvious then two so

members on privilege rate is very easy because how are they they are nominated by the head of the state or ticket as

king or queen then within the provinces how they divide the first seat into Muslims Sikh

General now let us say in up at that time up was called as United Province from up you want to elect five members

from Muslim candidates or from Muslim Community to the constraint assembly then who will vote for them in the

election for example I am telling up United province fine seats what they

will do they will divide between Muslim sick General clear because we have already

written it it is subdivided between them now let us say you want to elect

four candidates four candidates General whatever so rest I think up had

somewhere around of 55 whatever let's say 40 seats now these four candidates will be

elected by whom who is good for them yeah only Muslims the two Muslims were

not the common Muslim look at read that point you will understand members of the community were elected by

whom by them who are by the already elected members who are part of which one provincial legislature means there was

United Province legislature like how you have State Assembly now United provinces

legislature will be there let us say in this there are some Muslims

now they will vote for whom these four candidates in up legislature

there will be so many non-muslims also they will not vote only we load Muslims who are part of the

up provincial legislature will vote for the Muslim candidates for constraint assembly

if in case there are any sick Community belonging people for so who are six years they will vote for them

and whoever are other than Muslims and sick will vote for General that's why it is what's a kind

of system then what system is this joint electorate or separate electorate then separate because only Muslims are voting for

Muslims sick will vote for sick assembly was elected based on

because this statement they may directly give hence constant assembly was elected based on indirect election why is it

indirect so director and interact those two terms are there even that I'll clarify if you because in the beginning all these

things are needed there are two words called as one is directly elected and second one is what

then what do you mean by directly elected elected by the common man that is called

as directly elected what do you mean by indirectly elected elected by the already elected members

fine if you don't know the difference first you write this what do you mean by directly elected what do you mean by indirectly elected directly elected

you are elected by whom the Common Man common man will vote in the election

what do you mean by indirectly elected elected by the already elected members

like mlas will elect rajya Sabha members or in very simple one president is elected by whom they already elected MPS

and MLS that means president of India is directly elected or indirectly elected that is as simple as that so directly

elected means elected by Common Man indirectly means elected by the already elected members

indirectly elected correct are not elected actually he is not even indirectly elected he is actually chosen

a point means the majority members will choose one in elections we don't fight

for him okay so constant assembly members reward indirectly elected and two word based on

separate electorate they are indirectly elected based on separate electorate

hence constituent assembly members are indirectly elected based on separate

electorate indirectly elected based on separate

trait and few members were also what few members were also nominated that is a

princely state few members were also nominated

to understand that composition we discuss other things

so this is also one of the major criticism of constant assembly they criticized that the members of

constraint assembly were what not they were not directly elected was the

major criticism that will write it at the end so got it till now what is the composition how many were there how the

issues I mean members were split and all now next point constant assembly elections were

conducted in November 1946. constituent assembly elections

those watching online is the voice clear now please confirm

online students

constituent assembly elections were conducted in November 1946 Congress got

more than 80 percent of the seats Congress got more than 80 percent of the

seats remember when the elections was conducted November 1946 the partition

has still not happened hence the elections happens for 399 389 seats

Congress got more than 80 percent of the seats fine and if you don't know the basic

fact when this selection happened actually where ambedkar was also part of it but where was ambed corrected from

actually originally ambedkar was elected from the Bengal Bengal area fine because he could not get elected

here because remember he was not part of Congress he went there and got elected so then what happened by nineteen I mean

1947 all those things partition so when partitions happens what happens whichever he was elect that hits he lost

his seat because Bengal got divided so you have to divide the seats also and

ambedkar lost the seat now if you have lost the seat how will you be part of assembly then

basic point if you are not a member how will you come and sit in assembly then what they did because of that time or

whatever issues was going on even though he was a very harshest critic if he can recall ambedkar was very harsh critic of

Gandhi nehru as well as Congress and all those things so what Congress did there was a seat person called as jaiker who was a

congress member from Bombay so Jacob was forced to resign fine so then from that seat ambedkar got

re-elected from his own because ambedkar belongs to Bombay Province so he got re-elected came back to assembly then

actually who should become the head of drafting committee even then there was a controversy there was a person called as

Sir Iver Jennings he was British very famous constitutional expert he had helped Sri Lanka to draft a constitution

so many countries he had helped and actually Congress especially in negro in the beginning wanted sir ever Jennings

to become head of drafting committee because he has a good expertise on that but then later again lot of people

criticized we want we are we have become an independent country why should we depend again on the help of some Britain British person

we want some Indian to draft it s because it will send a new message then they again wanted to choose lot of

people in fact said gopal swamyanga also so many people that suggested names because most of them were very famous

lawyers same concept but finally they said America's Best Choice one obviously

considering the knowledge expertise all those things and then two most importantly to send a message that

remember considering his cast background all those things and because we wanted to create a new India

we wanted to send a message that we are a egalitarian society Matlab equality so

we don't care for which background which caste are you born religion are you born in so that message they wanted to send

so hence considering the symbolic importance of ambedkar finally he was chosen then whatever happens so how it function

all those things will come to that when you can write this point actually somewhere in margin bedker was originally elected from

Bengal for the constraint assembly ambedkar was

ambedkar was originally elected from Bengal

who originally elected from Bengal after partition he lost his seat

after India's partition he lost his seed because obviously a number of seats will reduce after partition he lost his seat then

jayakar's seat in Bombay was vacated m jayakar

foreign

was vacated

and ambedkar got re-elected from this seat

ambedkar got re-elected from the seat

finder is November 1946 all those things elections happened come back and write another point constituent assembly was

presentative of India's diversity constituent assembly was

representative constituent assembly was representative

of India's diversity

constituent assembly was representative of India's diversity means what

simple Israel what do you mean by that it means there were members from all the regions

communities including women scst it means there were members from all the

areas all the regions north south everywhere Central India

Northeast everywhere there were members from all the regions communities

all the regions and communities including women SC EST

so there were women members also a lot of people think actually women members were not there but of course it was there

including women SC and history clear remember yesterday we wrote that it has

to be represented that's a major angle fine then so now what happens obviously

number 1946 all those things is done team is ready now

when the next point when the assembly met for the first time in December 1946

when the assembly met for the first time

when the assembly met for the first time in December 1946

made for the first time in December 1946 Dr sachidananda Sinha

Dr sachidananda Sinha was chosen as

Not Elected just chosen and the Sinha was chosen as

the temporary head of the assembly temporary just for few days

was chosen even today we follow kind of same system called a speaker Pro tem that we will discuss later

chosen as the temporary head of the assembly later the assembly elected

later the assembly elected Dr rajendra Prasad as the head as a

president later the assembly elected Dr rajendra Prasad as the president

assembly elected Dr rajendra Prasad as the president and and

HC Mukherjee Dr rajendra Prasad as the president and

H C Mukherjee Mukherjee VT krishnamachari

HC Mukherjee v t krishnamachari

sorry all those names don't write TT because

he was also a member but he was not the deputy head vice president was VT krishnamachari were the vice presidents

of the assembly or as the vice president of the assembly

that means if Rajan Prasad is not there is like that

as the vice president of the assembly then again another name Serbian Rao

sir b n Rao was chosen as

the Constitutional or legal advisor sir b n Rao Rau was chosen as the

Constitutional or legal advisor constitutional or legal advisor to the

assembly constitutional or legal advisor to the assembly

when in fact he was the one who who have what also helps for this drafting of the

Constitution even he had played a greater role fine ok so that is a basic idea

now obviously the entire team is ready elections has happened so they have met they have elected who is the head on all

those things so what is the purpose of having a constant assembly what is the purpose to draft a constitution there is a

overall purpose so for that you need a Clarity in which path you have to go means like you can call it as Unity of

Direction Unity of purpose what kind of constitution we have to create you need a Clarity on that for that there was a

document called as providing objectives resolution providing objectives resolution

objectives resolution foreign

so tell what do you mean by that its intention was to provide

objective resolution its intention was to provide

a Unity of Direction a little bit Clarity in the way in its functioning

its intention was to provide a Unity of Direction for the functioning of the assembly

provide a Unity of Direction for the functioning of the assembly

for the functioning of the assembly [Music] um

yeah we will write that we'll write that for the functioning of the assembly yeah correct it was drafted by

it was drafted by jawaharlal it was drafted by jawaharlal nehru

and unanimously accepted there was no major operations mostly everybody

accepted drafted by jawaharlal nehru unanimously accepted that is without a

portion by the assembly unanimously accepted by the assembly

unanimously accepted by the assembly right it is reflected in today's Preamble so more the same content you

have it in preamble it is reflected in today's preamble

it is reflected in today's preamble

right so that was what so now you got a Unity of Direction but

meanwhile what happened so December 1946 they met for the first time so total is that 11 sessions all those things

different then within five six months obviously the issue of direct action day partition mountbatten plan all those

things were going on obviously lot of change has happened that is your Buddha submitting again changes brought by

Indian independence Act 1947.

so what changes this this act bring to the assembly changes brought by

changes made by Indian independence Act 1947.

Indian independence Act 1947. so you can think logically so the

strength now the stress obviously because with Independence partition happens now the strength of constant assembly will increase or decrease then

decrease so first point the strength of the constraint assembly decreased

because obviously it went to Pakistan also the strength of the constraint or

somebody decreased from 389 to 299.

decreased from 389 to 299

299 again subdivide 229 for British provinces or technically called as

provinces also 229 for provinces seven zero for princely States

out of 299 229 provinces seven zero princely States

70 for princely States fine that is one major change

fine then two constituent assembly was my was made a

completely Sovereign body Sovereign means still we discuss the details take it as ultimate decision making Authority

yesterday we wrote remember popular sovereignty like that constituent assembly was made a

completely Sovereign body was made a completely Sovereign body

so what does that mean it was given all the power to make the Constitution it wants that's the meaning

so you you delete any act you make any act anything you can do it was made a completely Sovereign body

that is the power that is it was given all the power

to draft the Constitution that it wants

it was given all the power to draft its own Constitution

that is second major change now then the third major change

the assembly was given or assembly was given or provided

the assembly was given two functions the constraint assembly was given two

functions one is obvious

for the first one as the name itself says first one to draft a constitution for Independent India

it was given two functions first one is to draft Constitution for Independent

India to draft Constitution for Independent India

and what is the second to act as provisional Parliament so this

we need to discuss a bit to act as a provisional Parliament

to act as a provisional Parliament so provisional means actually in simple

words

provisional means temporary ok so that means they assembly itself will act as

the temporary Parliament sir why why should that act why can't they elect

get the question like for example we are telling so if the assembly itself will

act as a provisional Parliament now the core question if you can ask is Sir why should that act as a parliament why

can't we allow any of your like how we are electing now we're in 17 Lok Sabha 17th time we have elected general

election happened why can't they conduct the general election and elect a new Lok Sabha

now before conflict there is much core point

and they would understand the system they would vote for other than that they would not know what

they're voting for yeah to an extent so the basic point is very simple let us say if you want to conduct the general election first point

the Constitution should tell that what should be the base of the election what system you want to follow if PDP follow

what proportional representation parliamentary system follow a presidential system which system you

want to follow where is the clarity that Clarity has to be given by whom

Constitution has to tell all those things now in 1947 where do you have Constitution

Constitution itself is not there hence what happened was first let us make the Constitution

when you get a constitution you will get a Clarity okay fine we will follow presidential or parliamentary will

become unitary or federal because if you follow presidential then the majority party rule concept will not come we'll

discuss all those things if you follow parliamentary majority rule concept will come so all those changes were there

then should we follow fpdb that was that Clarity was also who will vote on what basis will you get will you

follow on your Universal references or not Universal you you know that term right Universal adult franchise means

will you give voting power for all or will you give it only for few no sir we'll give it for all you can't

tell it who has to delete you should write it in the Constitution so hence first word should come

first you should make the Constitution when you make a constitution then you conduct the election because for for

example who will conduct the election first of all okay now you have a Clarity Election Commission will conduct

but who created Election Commission so then first what should come first elect Constitution should come

then you can decide all these things that's the reason susp professional

Parliament continued till when provisional Parliament continue till

May 1952 because the first Lok Sabha election happened in

December or November 1951 November December 1951 was the first

general election Lok Sabha results came in March April then the Lok Sabha met for the first

time in May 1952 till then there should be someone to make normal loss acts what

you call it as remember those acts how will you make it like you have RP act 1950 vital just now we wrote RP Act

1951. correct RPX 1951 was not passed by Lok Sabha who passed it

1950 Lok Sabha comes into existence when hence RP act 1950 RP act 1951 was served

not passed by Lok Sabha it is passed by provisional Parliament temporary

they wanted to conduct elections much before like in Constitution is not finalized or will conduct it

I mean got an idea chronology wise please write did you write that it will also act as

provisional Parliament so provisional means temporary clarify what do you mean by that until

the Constitution is finalized

until the Constitution is finalized until the Constitution is finalized

general election is conducted until the Constitution is finalized

general election is conducted and Lok Sabha comes into Force

until the Constitution is finalized and general election is conducted

Lok Sabha comes into Force constitute event assembly acted as

provisional Parliament constituent assembly itself

acted as provisional Parliament to make laws for

Independent India constituent assembly itself acted as

provisional Parliament to make loss for Independent India

when if you want clarify the date actually it functioned till May 1952.

to be more precise May 17 something is there but those are all not necessary it functioned till May 1952 when first Lok

Sabha came into Force function till May 1952

when the first Lok Sabha came into Force

May 1952 when the first Lok Sabha came into Force so if you have the dot also please right

the first Lok Sabha general election was conducted in November December 1951.

so those are all chronology that you should keep it in mind first Lok Sabha election additional

details so that you get an idea first Lok Sabha election conducted in

November and December 1951.

November December 1951

fine now again clarify when the assembly functioned as provisional Parliament

of course when the assembly you have two role they actually used to do alternatively also let us say today you

came and sit together to make the Constitution then who will preside rajendra Prasad will preside we have

already mentioned it later there's the same people today came and to today they are functioning as provisional

Parliament then who will preside them yeah when the constant assembly functioned as provisional Parliament

then or at that time GV mavlanc are presided them presided

the assembly when the constant assembly met as provisional Parliament GV mavlanca

presided it presided means take it as Speaker

presided it

presided it

clear so these were the changes brought by Indian independence act other changes were there but we are only talking about

constant assembly related changes ok so then the real nerve function the

real function starts for the heading major Committees of constituent assembly

major committees major Committees of constituent assembly

because remember entire constant assembly function based on the principle of division of work

major Committees of constituent assembly now obviously in general we keep talking

that obviously ambedkar is the head of the drafting committee everything if you that doesn't mean that ambedkar will sit

and draft the entire Constitution obviously what is the what then why do you have so many members then around 300 members everybody will give their own

inputs every one now everybody was part of one another committee so fine so that

is what you call as committees division of work okay you you this some group of people you focus on fundamental rights

give the report you would focus on dpsp give the report you focus on Parliament Powers give the report you focus on

Central State relation give the report you focus on constitutional body you give the report how elections should be

conducted another group you give the report now all the reports was given to the drafting committee drafting committee is

the most important committee that committee was added by ambedkar so ambedkar's major role was what he he got

the work done from someone everybody get their reports compile it

and everything then make a draft draft means how should we start right from

article one to article 395 how do you start the process which article should be mentioned first which article should

not be mean all that process was done by the drafting committee that doesn't mean he wrote all the things of course you

take I you have to take the inputs from all his major credit is what he is the kind of a leader Captain that's why the major

Grill goes to him doesn't mean he's like Indian cricket team captain if you say so and so he is the lead that doesn't

mean he's the only player right exactly same concept that's how it function yes and so many

inputs were there now under that major committee's first one headed by jawaharlal nehru

which committees did nehru head headed by jawaharlal nehru

first one is Union Constitution committee

Union Constitution committee it focused on basically what are the powers all

those things Union Constitution committee what legislature will have those points to Union Powers committee what should be

what are the powers of the government of India Union Constitution committee second one

Union Powers committee States committee States committee was

actually the committee to negotiate with the princely states then of course the entire thing Amber I

mean the Sardar Patel took the responsibility but technically this committee was added by nehru States committee

clear these three were headed by nehru then next reading headed by Sardar Patel so which committees did Sardar Patel had

committee is headed by Sardar Patel first of provincial Powers committee

that means what should be the powers of the states what do you call it as provincial Powers committee a provincial

Constitution committee into committee on fundamental rights and minorities

committee on fundamental rights and minorities

committee on fundamental rights and minorities within that Matlab with that entire

committee because you were it's a committee on fundamental rights and minorities within that subcommittee on

fundamental rights just ready FR it's okay subcommittee

within the da subcommittee on fundamental rights JB kripalani

headed by J B J B kripalani

k r i p a l a n a j b kripplani

then subcommittee on minorities HC Mukherjee

subcommittee on minorities in fact so many others were there the committee are related to the

Northeast areas what is it by gopinath borderline all those things but that's not very important ones

subcommittee on minorities the same person

then committee is added by rajendra Prasad committee is added by rajendra Prasad

rules of procedure committee

rules of procedure that means how should the assembly itself function rules of procedure committee and two steering

committee Estee e e r i n g steering committee

rules of procedure committee and two steering committee

fine this is what how the assembly should function for example you think logically even now Lok Sabha

you have something called as Lok Sabha rules rajya Sabha you have rajya Sabha rules for example if you have seen the functioning of Lok Sabha and all those

things all of a sudden member cannot stand and speak starting you can't speak like that you have to give a notice in

the beginning you notice means what sir give me an opportunity today in afternoon session I have to ask a question to sounds a person all those

issues you have to raise in the beginning itself same way how should the assembly function for that you need some

rules OK how if you want to make an amendment to sounds of provision how do you move an amendment

for all those rules were made by this rajendra Prasad the red committee called as rules of procedure committee simple

terms nobody will ask you all these things basically rules of procedure means how the

assembly should function for that some rules should be there that rules was made by this committee

clear so that's the basic idea that's it steering committee is also for example

let us say who will head which committee let's say the committee has given a report is the committee report binding

on the assembly or not should we take up all the recommendations or can we reject

everything like that many issues were there it was steering means what which direction we have to when will the

session happen assembly had totally 11 sessions who will win when do you decide when you

will come for the session for example should we meet on today or

tomorrow when we lose it as provisional Parliament when you lose it as assembly so many technical details were there

that all they will take care which you don't we don't have to understand broadly have an idea okay fine yes sir

what are the functions of zones or committees clear but now the most important one drafting committee

as I said the drafting committee's function was get reports from all these committees compile it organize it

in a logical manner drafting committee if you want just write a brief of what was its role

drafting committee its function was to its function was to collect the reports

from various committees its function was to collect the

suggestions reports anything collect reports from various committees compile them

collect reports from various committees compile them and organize them

and organize them collect the reports from various

committees compile them and organize them find so many they include so many they exploit that is the committee obviously we know right the composition

resided by Dr br ambedkar

it was headed by Dr br ambedkar and then write other or if you want in margin you

clarify that also it was headed by Dr br ambedkar is just for your understanding

headed by Dr br ambedkar in margin you clarify however

however

Survivor Jennings was the first choice choice in the sense lot of people suggested his name

however sir ever Jennings was the first choice

sir ever Jennings was the first choice

but later as I said the British angle all those things they rejected that's a different issue Survivor Jennings was the first choice

then other members were

other members were first one gopala Swami

ayangar other members were

gopal Swami

ayengar so that different name spellings gopal Swami ayangar

then

Krishna Swami Ayer all the Tamil names

again another Tamil name TT

krishnamachari who later went on to become the Finance Minister also foreign

munshi he was from Bombay who played a greater role in even this

remember in Gujarat sumna Temple was reconstructed so he played a major role in that K.M munshi m u n s h i

then madhav Rao

then

so totally one plus six ambedkar plus two total seven

fine so they are drafted it in fact as I said helped this helped a lot also so finally

they came up with first draft so first draft what they did they gave it to the people so means what people in the sense it was

published so that people let them give the feedback then they took some feedback and they gave the second draft

then again they took the feedback and then they they finally made it third draft the third draft was in detail discussed

in the constituent assembly and as I said yesterday right from point number one to point number last every point was

discussed in detail on an average somewhere around 8 000 changes were suggested

eight thousand Amendment 7700 something was there around 8 000 amendments were suggested and then around 3000

amendments were discussed in detail and then so many amendments were included within that so imagine the level of

deliberation then deliberation means discussion eight thousand amendments means where when when will you discuss so many

things to that level discussions happen so that is the reason the Constitution as one of

the reason is that yesterday as we said you that's more the core reason why it has sustained if in case they did not

discuss it and then just include the provision people will reject it clear so there is a core summation

please add it the first draft was prepared and given for the people's feedback

first draft was prepared and given for people's feedback

and published for people's feedback first draft was prepared

and given for people's feedback and published for people's feedback

and then the same second draft was also given for people's feedback

I'm just summing up second draft was also published for people's feedback

second draft was also published for people's feedback finally third draft was discussed in detail by the assembly

finally third draft

finally third draft was discussed in detail

third draft was discussed in detail by assembly many amendments were moved

or just write many amendments were made because nobody will ask you how many amendments on these things many

amendments were made many amendments were made

right consensus voting all those things we have already discussed yeah actually one point okay then I'll

tell you later finally on November 26 1949

finally on November 26 1949

November 26 1949 constituent assembly

constituent assembly accepted

finally a number 26 1949 constituent assembly accepted the Constitution

concepted or you can also use the word enacted constituent assembly accepted or

enacted the Constitution that two technical words you have to use

it is accepted the Constitution right in margin you can write again

clarify the constant assembly members signed the Constitution on January 24th

1950 so signing is different this is in general they accepted it

constituent assembly signed or constant assembly members assigned the constitution on Jan 24

1950. so if they give this very simple change keep it in mind constant assembly

members signed the Constitution on January 24th is a statement says constant assembly accepted the

Constitution then what is the date November 26 1949 the Constitution came

into Force if they give that you have to choose Jan 26 that will write fine so January okay come back to November 26

1949 original Constitution consisted of

original Constitution consisted of original Constitution consists of or

consisted of a preamble original Constitution consisted of a

preamble 395 articles

395 articles 395 articles 22 parts

22 parts and yet schedules

Preamble 395 articles 22 parts and eight schedules fine so for

those who have not seen those constitutional things if you have a doubt as to a preamble it is as simple as for example let's say

you take a book any book you take Lakshmi Khan itself you take in the beginning you will tell for example

preface or prologue they'll write in a novel remember like this book is of shown so I give credits to someone so

dedicated to zones that is called as prefacer prologue Preamble is like the preface or prologue to the Constitution

starting fine I mean any book you start you have chapters chapter one or chapter two unit

one unit two so parts means it's like your chapter So when you say Constitution has 22 parts that means you

have 22 chapters then when you say 395 articles article is like a sub point

submitting so 395 articles means 395 points you have subheadings then when you say schedule

remember in any book you'll have something called as references at the end where they'll mention so many facts

link was a schedule is like that schedule is where you have you get the factual aspect related to the

Constitution that is called as schedule clear so how you have in a book it is

the same way because Constitution itself is a document there is a core details then how did it come into first what are

the criticisms other details all those things will discuss let's take some 10 minutes break

foreign

foreign

still here

in Dominion what will happen for example even now if you can take the what you

call as this countries like Canada countries like Australia even today opinions of British in simple words even

today like for example Australia has a democracy means they have a legislature they have executive they elect their own

PM all those things is there but still ahead of the state is who even though they have adopted the state also British Crone is still their symbolic head

Canada also British colon is a symbolic head that is Dominion one that means you take all the decisions on your own but

you have some kind of formal or symbolic relationship with someone like what you call as a British government that is

Dominion so Serenity or Paramount say means what you are a completely accurate under their control only if they for

example if the queen says don't do this you can't do anything but when you say Dominion it's not like that you have your own independence just

for formality sake you're dependent so Dominion is relatively better compared to society or Paramount C fine

yeah that is the point so Dominion if you don't know place where you play that also you can I mean okay I will write

those words anyhow we have to discuss no Constitution came into first what is the status and all those things

this chapter I mean till no it's okay fine right okay ah

no not exactly for example commonwealth countries means let's say you have a group called as Commonwealth of Nations

today fine so Commonwealth of Nations by definition is what whichever for the former British colonies means previously

we all were British colonies we have made a group so India is also a member of British carbon Commonwealth of nation

but India is not a Dominion of Britain India is what a completely independent sovereign country so we are not Dominion

so dominion and Commonwealth not necessarily related to be a member of Commonwealth you may be a Dominion of

Britain even today or you may be completely independent also the link point is what you should be ruled by

British somewhere in the past that's it

we'll discuss I'll mention all those points so any other doubts

okay so please continue so we've written what is the original Constitution consisted of and because a

lot of people have doubts about Sir what is the Articles that's why I just give you a brief reference so Preamble is

like your preface or prologue of a novel article is like what the points of your book

parts are what like your chapters or units of the book schedules are at the end what they give the extra references

whatever you call them as it is like that schedule right and now put on the sub waiting

below that or you can just continue like that also Constitution was enforced this is

Constitution came into Force

foreign was enforced on

Jan 26 1950 Constitution was enforced on Jan 26

1950.

when again clarify Jan 26 1940 1950

from 26th November 1949 itself from

26th November 1949 itself

from 26 November 1949 itself few Provisions related to

26 November 1949 itself few Provisions related to citizenship

because they wanted to conduct elections quickly few Provisions related to citizenship

elections related to citizenship

elections provisional Parliament

provisional Parliament and other temporary provisions

and other temporary provisions came into Force

and other temporary Provisions came into

well from 26 Jan 1950 the entire Constitution was enforced

from 26th Jan 1950.

from 26 November 1949 few Provisions but from 26 Jan 1950 entire Constitution was

enforced

okay from 26 Jan 1950 the entire Constitution was enforced

while maybe chose that day obviously you have to link it to Modern India this day was chosen because of what

foreign this day was chosen

because of the reference to police

this day was chosen because of the reference to purana

swaraj fine

because the reference to Purna swaraj again from this day 1935 act 1946 Act

discontinued from this that is from 26 Jan 1950

1935 act 1947 act discontinued

because till then actually 1935 Act was the base from now on everything discontinued

1935 act and 1947 act discontinued

right so now look at three dates 26th November 1949 Constitution accepted 24th

Jan 1950 assembly members signed it and 26 Jan 1950 Constitution came into Force

so three dates it looks small differences but factually you can't help so keep those things in mind and then

you can also cross question sir why only his phone so Provisions came into first from 26 November 1949.

but like we have written elections our citizenship was a provisional Parliament they came into first from that day

itself why actually the reason was because they wanted to conduct elections quickly they wanted new general looks

about everything but what they did not realize was till then we had British used to conduct

elections based on limited franchise number under 1935 act also at the maximum 10 percent of Indians

were given voting rights but in the original Constitution you are giving voting rights for whom Universal adult franchise for everybody

they did not realize actually the enormity Muslim how big is the problem

then when they started to allocate these election cards and all those things then they realized okay this is not going to

happen like this in fact actually what had happened for first general election was therefore for because at that time

they never used to be these photos photo identity card came later 30 40 years later that issued cards for for women

they had not even mentioned their names it was only daughter of the word wife of so-and-so then a lot of people rejected

it then they again issued new cards for women saying their name then below wife

of a daughter of how to conduct election itself was a problem because they could not conduct elections in the beginning because only

18 percent were literates how do you tell them what is the method of election you follow

how will you convince them for example let's say you follow PRS TV how would you convince them what is the method you are following

how will a common man understand and that you are not talking today's Common Man

1950s Common Man 18 literacy lot of people did not even know how to

read and write then how do you give a list of candidates for them how will you understand

then they came up with this symbols concept remember the party symbols all those ones even the are in the first

general election actually when they conducted so what they had done was for if there are five parties five boxes

were put I was given a slip you just have to go with search for your box put it there

then they realized that okay if you go like that the polling officer will get to know you voted for which party

because he can easily say okay you're going there you're going here then they realize okay this will lead to when

Matlab Revenge Revenge politics they'll get to know okay this person voted for so and so party they'll take care of you

after the election then they realize okay this is not going to happen then they put one box and they

said okay we'll put the names or party symbols in the slip itself then that followed for another 30 40

years ballot paper then they realize Booth capturing problem then they came up with evm then

they realized evm problem then they came up with vivipet now they're realizing election problem itself that because the system itself is

not supporting now they want to go for hybrid system hybrid means we'll make a combination of fpdp and proportional

representation for that you have to amend the Constitution so till then the same system will

continue so let's say it's a process very famously they tell civilization is a

trial and error method you never know actually what works what doesn't work until you try you try then if it works

you make some changes continue if it doesn't you can't help because that is how the Democracy civilization come up

with something new right that's how it keeps on going okay fine so there is one now in margin again

you clarify Universal adult franchise

Universal adult franchise was the only provision

Universal adult franchise was only provision

which was included in the Constitution

was the only provision which was included in the Constitution

without any discussion

without any discussion that means it's it says that everybody agreed to it Universal

adult franchise so look at the name itself says everything

Universal that means for all fine adult as of now it is

18 suffrage or franchise means

you can also use the term Universal adult

what suffrage also you can use originally it was not 18 years originally it was

21 years it was made into 18 years because of

61st Constitutional Amendment 1988 which came into first from 89 but you have

took the the year in which it was passed Universal that means everybody

irrespective of your religion caste gender and so on so everybody will get present it is 18. so even if they uses

the term suffrage or franchise both means voting rights original Constitution or originally it

was 18 years reduced to 18 sorry originally it was 21. reduced to 18 by

61st Amendment 1988.

right so that is about Universal adult franchise foreign

now write another few terms clarify the status

somewhere wherever you have space you can write till 15th August 1947.

till 15 000 1947 this question was your 2021 problems till 15th August 1947 India was a

British colony

India was a British colony till 15th August 1947 then

from 15th August 1947 till 26th Jan 1950.

India was a British colony from 15th August 1947 till 26 Jan 1950

India was

India was an independent country with

with what Dominion status

India was an independent country with Dominion status

by 15th August 1947 till 26th Jan 1950 independent country Dominion status so

clarify again what do you mean by that it means it means British crown

British Crone was still the head I mean officially had

British crown was still the head of the state it was still the head

it means the British crown was still the head

and that is called as Dominion status clear then from 26 Jan 1950

from 26 Jan this the last one was your Glimpse from 26 Jan 1950 India became

sovereign from 26 Jan 1950 India became over in

Democratic Republic country so three keywords

from 26 Jan 1950 India became sovereign Democratic Republic country

we discuss all the keywords we have to discuss in your chapter Sovereign Democratic Republic country so

this was the actual question on Films what was the status of India on 26 Jan

1950 Sovereign Democratic Republic clear then again

from or based on from 42nd Amendment 1976

next status from 42nd Amendment 1976

from 42nd Amendment 1976 India became sovereign

Democratic Republic so another two words added 42nd Amendment 1976 India became

sovereign socialist secular Democratic Republic

Sovereign socialist secular Democratic Republic Survivor those words added why

they did not add it in the original we'll discuss those are all for Preamble chapter

fine so this was a this is a very basic Clarity and as I told for the doubt if you want write in margin again even

today countries like Canada and Australia are the dominions of UK

that's if you have seen remember last year you know Queen Elizabeth died and King Charles continued as a king and if

you have a if you have if you had followed news on during that time Australia also passed a resolution New

Zealand also passed a resolution Canada also a positive resolution and said King Charles will also be our King

so they took that not worth exactly take it as a kind of resolution decision fine basic Point even today countries

like Canada Australia are dominions of UK

there are so many Caribbean like Bermudas and all those but they're all important not important countries

they are the dominions of UK fine

and that is a point actually there was discussion going on in Australia even in from the last 24

five years back also the Edition was there that will make ourselves completely Republic we will not have any

links with UK in Australia they had a discussion but then again lot of people said why

unnecessary anyhow the British king is not directly involving in your uh in your decision making it is just a

symbolic mean namesake so they are not affecting you they are not interfering in how the government of

Australia functions and lot of people said it's fine it just indicates our history because Australia as a country

itself emmers were British to call these uh what prisoners and then put them in Australia so later finally Australians

what the the so-called prisoners they eliminated not eliminated exactly there was the local people called as

aboriginals in Australia take it as original native people all of them

gradually sideline so these people made their own country so to express their history they have retained their names

that said other than that there is no major reason sure okay now another last topic other

functions of constituent assembly what all did it do other than making a constitution and acting as provisional

Parliament other functions of constituent assembly

it's a very simple one other functions of constituent assembly

first one is ratified

it ratified will tell what do you mean by ratified all those things it ratified

India's membership of it ratified India's membership of

Common Wealth of Nations it ratified

India's membership of Commonwealth of Nations

Commonwealth of Nations two it shows or it finalized adopted any

words you can use it finalized the national anthem

national song national flag

it finalized the national anthem national song national flag

anthem song and flag then it also elected the first President

of India that is rajendra Prasad that also have a reason we'll write that

it also elected the first President of India that is rajendra Prasad

right now first of all you have to understand you have two words we keep using that one is

signed ratified so we normally we keep taking it as the same one even in media

normally you don't find differences but actually there is a technical difference between what do you mean by saying what do you mean by ratify when you say sign

who is doing it executive has signed it executive means

those are ministers or maybe a secretary for in circuit like for example India India has agree I mean

science on so but in environment remember so many code of product called Paris agreements like that so many are

there India has signed so and so means India's environment minister or prime minister or external affairs minister or

Foreign Affairs secretary those people have signed it what do you mean by ratify then

no no when you say use the word ratify it means

legislature has accepted it so technically this is the difference if

you do know please note down when you say sign it means it is finalized by the executive when you say ratify that means

it is signed by or it is not signed by X take it as accepted passed by the legislature

so if the tell Parliament means that you should use the word technically if I Cabaret or Minister means you should

typically use the word same so both are different so signed means executive ratified means

legislature okay so national anthem all those things are obvious so that you will understand

now look at the fourth point it also the constant assembly itself elected home

first president that is rajendra Sir why because now just know you wrote on

January 26 1950 what is India's status technical India was called as what sovereign

Democratic Republic so Sovereign means what technically we will discuss the details in Preamble basic point there

will be no connection with Britain or any other country that is as simple as sovereign Democratic means people will

take the Ultimate Edition Republic means what the basic definition of republic is

this is the basic definition of republic Head of the State

this is the basic definition of republic Head of the State should be what directly or indirectly elected by the

people clear so from when did India become Republic then which day Republic day it will be called

to a giant 26 1950 Matlab Jan 26 1950 you should have the head of the state

and who is the head of the state in India yesterday itself we told president is the head of the state

priyam is what head of the government remember yesterday a state and government is different terms

president is the head of the state so you should directly or indirectly elect him in India we don't directly elect him

how do we elect indirectly indirectly in simple words

then the already elected members so actually the MPS and mlas will take it

as simple as that now you think logically when did you conduct the first Lok Sabha election which day which month

or at least when May sorry November December 1951

so how will you wait till that day if you wait till that day that yeah the

Dominion then but you've already declared that from 26 John India that means what

but for president there is no MP and who is acting as legislature

constant assembly as the provisional Parliament so the same people elected whom president

when you had the first general elections all those things so gender what do you call is rajya Sabha came into Force

all those people elected then you had the vice president comes first for simple reason from 26

Jan you need to have a person for that reason provisional Parliament only elected them so they got elected

because the reason why so that chronology you should not forget for simple reason there was no Parliament

till then so provisional Parliament that is constant assembly itself elected them

please write the reason for it so first write this definition basic

what do you mean by Republic Republic means and then copy that point

Republic means

Republic means Head of the State

copy that directly or indirectly elected by people

head of directly or indirectly elected by the people

right as there was no as there was no Parliament

as there was no parliaments the constituent assembly itself elected

the president the first president as there was no Parliament

constituent assembly itself elected constituent assembly itself elected the

president constituent assembly itself elected the

president foreign

country even now yes by definition they are not by technical definition no I mean if you

just go away the textbook definition but practically they are sovereign as I said because the British king will not

interfere in your today Administration why are you passing this law they will not ask anything so practically they are sovereign by

definition they are not yes yes yes

correct but they call themselves because they do is they'll also their own pm and

president who's above them is your British so that's how they do it so take it as

two terms practically Australia Canada are sovereign only in Practical things you understand right in day-to-day

Administration King will interfere a definition they are not sovereign that is the difference

huh ceremony ceremonial nominal just for

namesake paper wise not practice correct as I said I told you the reason also

because historically there's a relationship they just want to continue and people don't have problem with It ultimately depends on people if let us

say for example if Australians start protesting saying we don't want absolutely any relationship with you

okay then what will they do they Lament The Constitution and tell from today onwards UK king or queen has no

relationship with us fine because Australian people Australians are largely okay with it

then it's okay Canadians are largely okay with it it's okay so what would ultimately people

decide that's how it is huh [Music]

Parliament means India is telling they'll they have their own president will send it

huh exactly correct president can have a

question governor general they call it as governor general they're same like how we knew India we had a general of

India Governor exactly same table even in Canada also they call it as governor

general same concept UK King is just namesake nothing to do

clarified so keep that in mind huh yeah ok so

these are the major aspects then some few criticisms are there if you want you can write the criticisms of constituent

assembly criticisms of constituent assembly

first one is obvious is it it is not truly representative of the people

it is not truly representative of the people what is the simple reason for it

because they are not directly elected by people it is not truly representative

and tell the reason for it because it is not truly representative of the people because

they are not directly elected by the people because they are not directly elected by

the

fine there is one then two it is not a sovereign body

that means it did not come function come with complete Independence it is not a sovereign body

tell the reason why because it was of course it was created under which plan

cabinet Mission and that plan who made British members of the planet

all the members of British so that's these are criticisms because it was created under the British plan or

cabinet Mission plan made by British because it was created under the British plan

and because it was created under the British plan and

and the permission of British was required for the meetings of this assembly

and the permission of British was required for the meetings of the assembly

means for the assembly to meet you should take the permission of British

and the permission of British was required for the meetings of assembly

for the meetings of assembly and that is another one then three

dominated by Congress dominated by Congress

you can write that name also as said by

ass said by Granville Austin as said by Granville Austin

the assembly was a one-party body constraint assembly was

as said by Granville Austin the assembly was a one party body in a

one party country body

one party country one party body in a one-party country

right that was another major reason then other major criticism the drafting committee was criticized as

the drafting committee was criticized as drifting committee

means you're taking too much of time delay drafting committee was criticized as the

drifting committee and tell the reason because of because of delay in finalizing the

Constitution because of the delay

in finalizing the Constitution because the delay in finalizing the

Constitution

by then Winston Churchill criticized it as

Winston Churchill criticized it as a Hindu dominated body

Winston Churchill the former British pm criticized it as

Hindu dominated body of course those are all obvious reasons because of the if you just look at the

composition answer is yes criticized it as a Hindu dominated body Hindu dominated Brahmin dominated

multiple names criticisms were there that it was a Hindu dominated body

fine yeah like that there was also criticized that it was a lawyer politician all those things but

that that calculations will discuss after we discussed Constitution major things

yeah fine so these are the the major aspects of making of Indian constitution any road still here please

ask corals will directly now go to parliamentary system because first you should understand parliamentary and

federal then we'll come back to the Preamble and all those things because if you don't understand that you will not understand how the government is formed

what is legislature what is executive all those things hmm

one second once again

yes yes no fine

why was that obviously because of the health reasons there were other members like for example there was this

what his name is you have a famous kidwai kidwai was also one of the member so because of some health reasons they

could not conduct and then finally they replaced him by mother of RAM and then there was another person then was replaced by Syed mohammadullah for

health reasons one was Health reason another one was they could not function properly for so long then they changed

it so those are the reasons right yeah any other points any other doubts

or else for the adding parliamentary system

and as I said so which province had the highest seats in the assembly so please note that also if you have

doubt in the constant assembly up United Province had the highest seats

and Madras was the second highest at that time up was called United

province United Province had the highest seats

and Madras was the second highest number of seats just a small fact if in

case they ask United Province highest

and then Madras second highest yeah no comeback parliamentary system

again now the classification is based on what what is the relationship between

legislature and executive so on this basis they have classified into two

one is parliamentary of course you know the second one what is it presidential parliamentary system is it

is actually like this when you say parliamentary system remember this diagram

this is parliamentary this is presidential

so means what what do you mean by parliamentary then yeah to be part of executive you should

be part of legislature it is as simple as that and the executive is answerable to legislature

also so partly presidential means what to you can only be part of one organ if

you want to become a legislator I mean simple words take it as MP there they use different words Senator like that

multiple names basic point if you want to be part of legislature you cannot be part of executive

if you want to become an executive person means take a minister you cannot become a legislator

so rigid separation largely rigid separation of covering presidential here it is not rigid separation working

together Concepts that is the basic idea parliamentary system presidential system to make the

executive accountable to the legislature different names are there obviously when you say parliamentary system the mother

country is what UK when you say presidential system what is the mother Foundation country U.S

again we keep on discussing if your word sir which system is better sir both the system have its own advantages

disadvantages just because we shift from parliamentary to present shell it doesn't mean that our all the problems

will be solved there is nothing like that if I or for example if you think that's a

parliamentary is better then how did U.S develop then or if you feel so presidential is much better then how did UK develop then

so every country or every system will have its own Advantage depends on again as we said yesterday it does not depend

on the features of the Constitution it depends on whom the people who run the Constitution so it depends on that how

you run it not necessarily only the features of course features matter no doubt fine so that is the basic point

then remember this is a very famous question they keep asking in Parliament in upsc one

what they'll do is they'll give all the features of parliament system what three four points everything is parliamentary

system features only then they'll ask which among the following is the foundation or the core principle of

parliamentary system got the point let's try to remember I said let them give any statement when

you say constitutional state or government what is the key word you should search for limited government same way

parliamentary system the core word you have to search for is

even this was your 2022 prelims question also what is the core word

Collective responsibility of whom to whom

this is the core so you just search for this word called as responsibility or answer is done

so this is a very very famous upsc question every alternate year they'll keep asking the same

but they will give all the other statements also and all the other statement is also correct but the statement asks you which is the core

feature the core is this Foundation what they call it as

first let's write few basics under that you write first one democracy across the world or

democracies across the world democracies across the world can be

divided into two types democracies across the world can be

divided into two types democracies across the world

can be divided into two types based on the relationship between

divided into two types based on

the relationship between based on the relationship between

legislature and executive based on the relationship between

legislature and executive right under that first one parliamentary

system first one parliamentary system and you

can write this kind this illustration parliamentary system

this one first so what do you mean by that here executive executive means you are only

talking about political executive ministers not the permanent executive bureaucracy we are not talking

here the political executive is part of legislature sir what do you mean by part we will

discuss here the political executive is part of legislature

political executive is part of legislature and and they are answerable accountable

political executive is part of the legislature and they are answerable to the

legislature accountable to the legislature

let them use any words in general polity take it as all common actually there's a differences but even if they use the

word responsible or answerable or accountable take it as same word in polity optionals it is different for

polity it is all means clear responsible or answerable or accountable all the

same words don't listen so in which I mean executive is also answerable to the legislature right

obviously we know write the examples where do you have parliamentary example UK most of the whichever were ruled by UK

we all follow the same okay Canada Australia India Pakistan Etc

example UK Australia Canada of course New Zealand also

UK Canada Australia India Pakistan

fine then two presidential system

presidential system and write this

diagram so what is the basic meaning then

here executive is not part of legislature

executive commercial same political executive here executive political executive is

not part of legislature political executive is not part of

legislature and hence they are also not answerable to them

to them means legislature and they're also not answerable to the legislature

and they are also not answerable to the legislature and those countries also you know as I

said they are also not answerable to the legislature examples yes Russia Brazil Etc

U.S Russia Brazil Etc

fine in fact some countries are a combination also for example France France is a combination of these two

means what it is not parliamentary also it is not presidential also it is a combination of two how is that that we

will discuss first let us understand what you mean by parliamentary and presidential then we'll go to that so that's why France is a hybrid system

fine so because remember rest last year 2022 Mains question they have asked

about compare the elections of Indian president and fetch president so that if you understand the process you will understand that actually it's a

hybrid system so before that so let's say I do another few Point another there are a lot of okay that names will

understand again the last okay so no pudding features of parliamentary system

features of parliamentary system

features of parliamentary system first one dual head

dual head so as the name itself says what does that mean

you will have two head that means what first one below that you write precedent precedent

so different names you can call it as president means what Head of the State

president is the head of the state president Head of the State nominal head

end of the state nominal head

nominal head you can also use the term

djr head djar means jurisdiction theoretically means

did your head did your means theoretically

did your head when that is President Head of the State nominal head did your

head then obviously what is the second one prime minister and reverse head of the

government prime minister head of government

real head of the Executive or real head of the government

real head and three impressive the word jar right d facto means fact in real

de facto head of the government real head de facto

head and that is first one dual head then the second one is as you have already

mentioned this one dual membership

dual membership this was also a statement in 2020 prelims I'll tell what was that exact statement

dual membership dual membership means as we just know told what

to be part of executive one should be part of legislature or in simple words to become a minister

you should be an MP to be part of executive one should be

part of legislature to be part of executive one should be

part of legislature that is to become a minister you should be what MP

to be part of executive one should be part of legislature now what is the difference here so this is the

difference Point remember in Indian constitution Constitution itself article 75 itself gives you an exception what is

exception you can be directly appointed as minister even if you are not what even if you are

not an MP for basic Point understand at present you have if you take let's say for example Parliament

so Lok Sabha rajya Sabha now even if you want that basic point also because just I am just

clarifying you will be knowing so if you want to become a minister you should be only part of Lok Sabha

correct that means what only Lok Sabha MPS can become Minister correct or not

obviously no to take Jai Shankar take nirmala sitaraman what are they so basic point is what it is not

necessary that you should be part of Lok Sabha you should be part of what Parliament

fine that is one point second point is what let us say take the example of jai Shankar itself so if you can recall that

by time of the history but because was the fictional affairs minister but she had some health issues and all those

things so what they chose they decided that let's directly make home let's directly make Because by the time

actually had retired as the Foreign Affairs secretary and all those things they say let's directly make him as the

minister but remember when he was made the minister he was not an MP

that means what no Lok Sabha MP also basically was not an MP forget about Lok

Sabha rajya Sabha so then what is the point then within six months let's say you took the

word today as the minister and six months from now so you should become what

MP that is a point this is an exception in Indian constitution in UK you don't have this

point in UK it's the reverse Point means what if you want to be appointed as a minister today what you should be

you should be an MP that means only MPS can be made minister in UK but in India we have a six months exception that is

mentioned in Indian constitution itself fine take month of energy example for

take without a example is not the same now but he was CM just one year before because of all the remember you might be

knowing all that Maharashtra issue and all those things so I was without how did the doctor become same remember in Maharashtra you

have correct the Maharashtra State Legislature includes both assembly as well as

that is means it's a bicameral legislature bicameral by

two so it's a bicameral legislature remember normally the takray families never contest selection so balataka also

never contested even with the attacker never contest selection even that election he did not contest

but what happened there was a hung verdict means what

hunger it means if they give the term wherever they use the term keep it in mind no single party has got more than 50

percent of the seeds that is called as hunger addict fine so most of the states now you have hung verdicts means what no

single party gets more than 50 that means automatically what is the concept coalition government

so Hungary so then what happened whatever issues political issues whatever so multiple like what shivsena

Congress NCP Charlotte power all wanted to come together and form the government at that time without acry was still not

MLA or mlc then what they realized okay let's directly make him as a cm

know what you should become then you should either become MLA or what

or mlc within how many months six months so then obviously what they

will do normally what they do is their party mlc will be there that's it they'll tell him we get this seat

the seat becomes vacant then there is a concept called as by election by election there are two types of election

if you have heard one is general election second one is by election general election means what let us say

for Lok Sabha general election means what is the Lok Sabha strength 543 if you are conducting elections for all the

543 seats then it is called as general election let us say for example MP died will you

conduct election for all the 543 seats now which seat will you conduct that's it let's say for example some

some constituencies whatever some X constituency alhabad is that whatever you make it as that person died or

resigned disqualified only that's it you conduct election that you call it as by

election so by election is conducted for vacant seat general election is conducted for what

all 543 or if you do it for this also it is the same if you do it for all it is General if you do it for only vacant

seat It Is by correct so they will conduct by election within six months so then without Accra

became mlc continue recall month of energy election also the 2020 the covet time all those things had

happened and what happened because of the BJP issue of TMC issue and all month of energy had actually worked she lost

the MLA election but remember in at least here in Maharashtra Council in Us in Bengal word

you don't have Council what you only have then you only have assembly that means you have to become an MLA

then now you can't conduct election now so then what you did of course she is the head she directly became cm

now what she did from I think biwanipur or some constituency is there so from that's it her own party a person had

become MLA now when she said Wicked the seed you have to wake it there is no other option so she said Wicked the seat

once again let's finish up so she vacated I mean whatever that person vacated so then what you do by-election

within six months of course she contested she so that's obvious it is she became a male again

she continued sir you counter question if sir what if she doesn't get elected then

you have no option now until another seat vacants another election happens

you cannot continue as CM basic point you cannot continuous cm more than six

months not just CM Minister PM all the same got the three examples here now you ask

now for that there is obviously there are at present there are only six states with Council that option is left to the

states itself if they want to they can have it and there is a process for creating or abolishing it for example

because of this what happened Mamta Banerjee I mean West Bengal assembly

partial resolution saying we want a console in our state so they have a console and they said we

don't want a console sir why do some states have it the Practical political reason is what like

reason because I don't want to contest MLS it will see directly you can become because

it's an indirect collection so normally what they do is when they lose MLA elections they code to council become

mlc there become Minister it's a indirect route according to the Constitution the idea of having a second

house is always to check the first house because look at assembly or you look at

at the national level Lok Sabha Lok Sabha is a popular House popular house directly elected by people one two

because you have popular house you never know what kind of decisions they take because for election purpose they'll be

ready to do whatever they want any any lunch they'll be ready especially during election times

but rajya someone look at it it's a check they are not directly elected by people

so now when then what will happen that's why you look at you you look at it you look at MP normally Lok Sabha MP will be

popular famous rajya Sabha MP will be relatively knowledgeable person relatively not exactly I'm telling

relatively degree you have to take so because democracy works like that ideally people should choose candidates

who have knowledge also and who are who responds to their need also but

but what does people do people break it knowledgeable person people don't elect

it because

he cannot continue the same then no Minister nothing but normally you will have it because kind of these emergency

coincidence one you don't have normally if you die if you can't have elections you cannot continue a CM or Minister

more than six months that is obvious even if you go it even if you go further

Constitution doesn't allow you you until the general next vacant seat election happens absolutely you can't

continue after six months that is how the process is

fine I think you got a brief idea now let's write what do you writing dual membership did you write any point

there to become part of executive clarify them below Indian constitution

this is again a mentioning call because upscience like this is it Constitution is it Act is it convention it is

Constitution itself Indian constitution provides an exception for this

Indian constitution provides an exception for this

exception an exception for this what is it clarify a person who is not an MP

or at the state level you can call it as ml mlc also a person who is not an MP can also be

appointed as Minister here minister includes prime minister also fine because according to the

Constitution PM is Primus in okay that all we will discuss later our Indian constitution provides an

exception a person who is not an MP can also be appointed as minister

and what is only check yeah however they should become an MP

within six months however

they should become an MP they should become an MP within six

months they should become an MP within six months

so if you want to write those examples example Jay Shankar was appointed as external

affairs minister now just right Jai Shankar Mamta Banerjee rescinds

75 this Indian constitution exceptions in 75 dimension

chief minister of Bengal chief minister of Maharashtra

[Music] that's what for example let's say you have lost an election directly but you

want to continue in the positions and they have made that provision for themselves you may you may not so we made an

exception just to follow correct parliamentary system

most largely powered to the house of common yeah same but actually you should understand in India rajya Sabha is not

inspired from House of Lords rajya Sabha is inspired from House of Senate of U.S

so it is the House of Lords actually do not have that level of earlier they used to have but after they start to become more and

more democratic it is not House of Lords who have more power it is House of Commons our system is actually inspired I mean

in that kind of house of rajya Sabha is inspired from senate senate means U.S

not the House of Lords of UK fine but yes it is a check as you said of course there is a check rajya Sabha

gives a effective check we'll discuss in Parliament what how well has it given a check how it has performed all those

things will discuss that way fine that is dual membership to find the exceptions and all those things now the

third one majority party rule

third provision third feature majority party rule

majority party rule so liquid here we are using the word majority means what then

correct so write that to form to form the government

to form the government the party should have

to form the government the party should have more than 50 percent seeds

to form the government the party should have more than five zero fifty percent

seats in which house in the Lok Sabha lower House Always the party should have more than 50

percent seeds in the lower house that is Lok Sabha

it means that the state legislature we chose then assembly and same concept in the Lok

Sabha fine that is a basic point that means what so as I said at present Lok Sabha

strength is what 543 so rajya Sabha doesn't matter for us you should only take it to directly

elected you make it

so minimum one seat more 51 percent as they keep telling minimum one seat more so that's why the magic number as they

keep telling is what 273 minimum number you should have this

to form the government so as a single party if you have fair enough now let us say sir no party has majority

get together that's when you have the concept of coalition government so that's what is

if you have a what do you call it as

means people have not given majority for any party single party

clear please write that so if you should have majority in the lower house then clarified at present

at present to form the government at the national level

273 numbers are required in Lok Sabha

at present to form the government

to form the government at the national level to form government at the national level

273 members

required in Lok Sabha 273 members minimum required in Lok

Sabha fine then clarify this

in case of a hung verdict in case of hunger

in case of a hang verdict multiple parties get together

in case of a hangover Direct multiple parties get together to form coalition government

multiple parties get together to form

coalition government so hung verdict have already told you the definition so no single party he is getting more

than 50 seats multiple parties get together to form coalition government

clear and then the fourth whatever third or fourth Point Collective responsibility this is the core point

for the most important point Collective responsibility

Collective responsibility so what does that mean we have already

mentioned it it means it means the political executive that is ministers

it means the political executive

it means the political executive is answerable

the political executive that is Minister is answerable to the legislature

ministers are answerable to the legislature for their actions

for their decisions anything ministers are answerable to the

legislature for their decisions clear so that is a core in fact we can

clarify that this feature is the foundation of parliamentary system

that's why parliamentary system is also called as responsible government this feature is the foundation

of parliamentary system this feature is the foundation of

parliamentary system hence it is also called as

responsible government that means parliamentary system is also called responsible government

this is the foundation of parliamentary system hence it is also called responsible

government responsible government in margin you can

also write this parliamentary system is also called as

what foreign system is also called as Westminster

system because this is the place where the British Parliament is located because UK is the mother of

parliamentary system parliamentary system is also called Westminster system

the place where the British Parliament is located

next leadership of prime minister

leadership of prime minister as we already told lipium is the real head of the executive leadership of prime

minister fine so write those various names PM is

the real head of the executive PM is the real head of the executive

PM is the real head of the executive and well as well as the resigned head of

the party in power PM is the real head of the executive and

leader of the party in power leader of the party in power

and leader of the party in power

okay so that is another one no way measuring Point ah you can also clarify this

PM is considered as PM is considered as

what Primus inter pairs SF Latin coverage

Latin terms PM is considered as Primus inter pairs

what does that mean bracket you right first among equals

PM is considered as Primus interface that is first among equals

that means he doesn't have any extraordinary powers he's he's like any other minister he's just first among the

ministers that's the reason according to the Constitution we will discuss later in other chapters Constitution doesn't give

a separate worth for pm whatever an external affairs minister or defense minister or an agriculture Minister

takes the vote same what we will also take PM will also take if for example according to the

Constitution PM was some something was different what they'll do they'll give a separate vote for example you look at

president's worth we will discuss it president what is different because PM president is what Head of the State

fine he is one step above but PM both is not different both of any Minister and a mini prime minister is

also exactly the same prime minister also will not receive any extraordinary salaries also according to

the Constitution of course nobody will become minister or prime minister to get a salary that's a different issue but

according to the Constitution that is how it is treated clear so that is what you call it as

Primus interferes first among equals for next one next feature of parliamentary

system political homogeneity

political homogeneity

homogeneous means what as the name itself is same kind of thinking political

homogeneity is very simple it is derived from your majority party rule because most major I mean to form the government

you should have majority party more than 50 said so in simple words most of the ministers will belong to the same party

now when you belong to the same party same ideology same interest automatically what you will have

political homogeneity in simple words all the ministers will share same ideology because of the majority party

rule but you also have a chance of what coalition government now if you have 15 political parties like Manmohan Singh or

vajpayee or will you have political homogeneity then in simple words how can a BJP party and

let's say for example a DMK or an aadmk in Tamil Nadu or TMC think the same way

both their radiologies are not the same so then then how will you have political homogeneity sir

actually in a coalition government political homogeneity will be disturbed means that everybody will not think the

same way hence in India there is a concept called as have you heard this

in India we follow a concept called as

common minimum program it is not mentioned in the Constitution when

multiple parties get together to form a coalition government they sign a common minimum program common meaning look at

the name itself common means what you keep all your ideologies aside let us work commonly on this these three issue

whatever educational this is whatever let's have a common ground that is common minimum program The

Punchy commission you might have heard sir commission calls this as the Dharma of coalition government Dharma means

what Dharma means what will it will tell you what is good what is bad what is allowed what is not allowed so this is called as

a Dharma of coalition government to that level it is important but it is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution

got it it is a practice in convention as we keep telling got an

idea yeah please clarify that as there is majority party rule

as there is majority party rule ministers belong to the same party

as there is majority party rule

as there is majority party rule ministers belong to the same party

ministers belong to the same party

ministers belong to the same party automatically hence what hence they share same ideology and interests

hence they share same ideology and interest that's what you call as homogeneity

hence they share same ideology and interests

they share same ideology and interest clarify below however in coalition government

this will be disturbed this will be diluted

however in coalition government this will be diluted compromised

in a coalition government this will be compromise hence what you have yeah hence common minimum program is

followed so underlying common minimum program hence

common minimum program is followed

common minimum program is followed clarify again this is nowhere mentioned

in the Constitution it is a practice

it is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution it is nowhere mentioned in the

Constitution it is a practice

again clarify according to Punchy Commission

according to punchi commission mm punchi according to Punchy commission what is

it called as it is considered as a Dharma of the coalition government

according to Punchy Commission it is considered as the Dharma of coalition government that

means it will tell them what to do what not to do considered as a Dharma of coalition

government clear now the last main feature

dissolution of lower house dissolution d i s s

dissolution of lower house lower house means we are with referring to which house Lok Sabha so why is it called as

lower and upper all those things we will discuss later in other chapters dissolution of lower house so write the

point we will discuss it Lok Sabha can be dissolved obviously you know the basic term what is the term of

Lok Sabha five years that is the point Lok Sabha can be dissolved even before

five years Lok Sabha can be dissolved even before

five years by the precedent not the PM

Lok Sabha can be dissolved even before the five years by the president but how

on the device of Council of ministers use the term PM also it is actually

Council of minister can be dissolved even before five years by the president on the advice of

Council of ministers clear now clarify again few points are there there is no ground mentioned in

the Constitution that means why are you resolving it earlier there is no reason

there is no ground mentioned in that means on what basis there is no Clarity in the Constitution

there is no ground mentioned in the Constitution

there is one point then another clarification this is irreversible decision

irreversible means what once you dissolve it you can't say an air so please take it back nothing doing this

is irreversible decision then what is the only next consequence

the only option is general election means conduct collection for all the

seeds this is an irreversible decision and the only option is general election

the only option is general election clear

yeah that is the points so basically five year term Lok Sabha you can dissolve before five years itself sir

before five years means how many months before it is left to you let us say even after

even after one year that means even if four years are pending today itself we can resolve fine but who will dissolve president not

on his own how Council of Minister should advise you sir on what basis they can dissolve there is no basis mentioned

in the cons practically that's left to them but Constitution doesn't mention anything now sir just because Council of Minister

advise him will the president dissolve no it's not like that what is the president do is president will say if

any other parties can get together and form the government in simple laws let us say Prime Minister Modi feels today

that let's go to elections because 2024 March April is election for whatsoever reason if he fails I think people's

opinion is in favor of us today if you go to election now we'll get plus five years you never know what will happen in

five years if he feels like that he can dissolve but if he tells the president president

cannot dissolve just like that what should the president do President should see if any other

parties can get together and show the numbers of what number 273 if the answer is yes President

should give them an option whatsoever if it is answer is yes no sir

the answer is no then what is the only option then you have no option dissolve it go for general election within six

months so that's the process it's not like directly you dissolve it does not happen like that because the very simple reason

is the President should always search for opportunity to avoid general

election not to go for general election because remember general election is what if you do not at present according

to the statistics Indian election is the costliest election in the world till now for at least 450 years U.S

president election was the costliest and we have beaten even the U.S president election and the two we are only talking about

Lok Sabha election itself is costliest than U.S presidential imagine how many states are

there in India how many panchayats are there how many municipalities are there

and all of those things nowhere in the world they spend such level of money to that level our

election is costliest hence you should try to avoid general election as much as possible

if you don't have an opportunity it's you can't help then you have no option you have to go for it

that is how it works then office of secrecy is that our secrecy is not a very important provision so keep that in mind so in

case let us say you have written forever seven six seven Provisions you have written let's say they give everything and they tell you choose one feature

among this for parliamentary system which should you choose Collective responsibility always keep that in mind

clear then what is presidential system what are its advantages disadvantages what's up we will discuss tomorrow

till now if you have doubt please clarify or as you can ask tomorrow also

thank you fine