Lecture 5: State of Global Environment (Freshwater)

 welcome to the course environmental impact assessment today we will look at the state of fresh

water which is essential element for us so accordingly our coverage will include

will look into the importance of fresh water we will look at different pressures on

fresh water and especially due to climate change further we look into water and land use and then we look into

global state and trends what are there regarding fresh water particularly we

look into water quantity water withdrawal rates we look at the glacial retreat what is scarcity

further we look into water quality how do we really uh what are the determinants in which at

which we look at so we look at the pathogens issues nutrients sediments and

so on further we will look into fresh water ecosystems like what is happening with

the freshwater ecosystem the loss of wetlands biodiversity loss and an impact

on human health and other areas so the expected learning outcomes which

is expected from you after you complete this particular session that you should be able to synthesize the significance

of fresh water while undertaking eies when you look at eia you should have a conceptual

understanding about where you are locating yourself in the entire context you should be able to discuss

the issue of climate change and fresh water further you should be able to review the

relationship between water and land use you should be able to connect local

problems with the global state and trends of fresh water which you're going to see today

you should be able to identify different water quality related issues and

parameters and support them with case examples and facts which we are going to

see further you should be able to discuss the state and issues of freshwater

ecosystems so let us first think of the importance of fresh water it is essential for our

health our well-being essential for animals plants and for both aquatic and

terrestrial ecosystems its importance has been recognized

in sustainable development goals review think

how many sdgs concerns with water and further

many of the sdgs apart from these which are directly connected with water will not

will not be achievable without availability of fresh water so water is

one of the very important fresh water is one of the very important part

of the entire sdg so we see that sdg2 that deals with food

security sdg3 that deals with health and well-being so you can see number of sdgs which are directly

connected with water so now moving on we see what kind of pressure is there on fresh water there

is considerable pressure on fresh water due to climate change we see that the

global water cycle which is the most important component of weather and

climate system is changing in the image you can see the global

hydrological fluxes and storages here it is expressed in thousand kilometer cube

kilometer cube per year how much water storage is there in the boxes you can see

in the diagram you can see the natural and anthropogenic cycles used for

domestic irrigation industry and so on so you can read this diagram and see

how the water flows and the major concern is that this cycle

is becoming faster due to our warming planet

you may also be aware that fresh water available as surface water in rivers

lakes and wetlands is limited it's just 0.4 percent and you may note that the

fresh water is decreasing in a very fast rate so we see that the cycle is also

increasing as well as there is decrease in the fresh water

also you may also be noticing around you that there is increased floods and droughts

you have also heard of loss of glaciers all these changes cause direct and

indirect impacts on our health and the health of the ecosystem for example as stated

nearly 1.7 million people die annually from very very preventable disease

diarrhea and we see in india as per intensified

diarrhea control fortnite idcf guidelines 2019 by ministry of health

and family welfare we see that childhood diarrhea diseases continue to be a major killer among under five

children in many states contributing to the ten percent of under five deaths in

the country so that's we're looking at ten percent is just happening matters around one lakh children die due to

diarrhea annually in the country so that's the death rate we're looking at diarrhoea deaths are usually clustered

in summer and once in months and the worst affected are children from poor

socioeconomic situations there are range of factors that influence fresh water

quantity and quality in different regions the condition worsens due to uneven

distribution of fresh water so we see that there is uneven distribution of fresh water some areas

have lesser water and some have in abundance people migrating from one place to the

another from rural to the urban and over and above we now have increasing events of

extreme droughts floods and storms so these all influence the availability of

fresh water quantity as well as quality we are also witnessing

reduction in the resilience of the ecosystem because of natural and human-made disasters

so in addition to that we are experiencing disasters along with unsustainable use of fresh water and

related ecosystems so we ah we are

also noticing increase in selenization so there's also apart from this there's also

salinization happening due to the global warming as well as land use changes

melting ice and snow reserves and then also pumping of groundwater

and then drying of continents and rising sea levels so all these are again

influencing the quality of water we are also noticing change in

precipitation with many areas now receive less precipitation on

or they face drought than in the past whereas many other experience more

rainfall and temperature than before so we are seeing this variation happening major concern is that fast warming of

the polar regions and high mountain region creating unpredictable situations

now we have a situation where we are not able to protect predict

so we further see that in this situation

there is a contrasting situation there is evidence of increasing drought severity in europe

with historical record indicating increased aridity over many areas since

1950s so what happens when there is too much

rain it causes pollution whenever too much rain happens we see increase in

pollution we see soil erosion we see avalanches mudslides and together all of

these together can cause floods tornadoes and cyclones so

leading to another disaster these would further cause physical damage to

our infrastructure cause loss of life and injury and looking at

what really happens when we have little rainfall so when we have little rainfall it causes drought extreme

wildfires sandstorms soil degradation and increase

competitions over water sources so we start there is conflict for what water sources

we have and this often leads to accelerated shrinkage and loss of these

goods so we consume it very fast and then these

sources what we have start shrinking so very well known example of the

shrinking water body is the lake chard you can see in the image here and then

we have example of rlc the disappearing wetlands of islamic

republic of iran lake army and iraqi marshes then you can also

think of the caspian sea the videos of these have been given to you in the suggested reading and watch

you can further see their documentaries to understand what's really going on

so global climate change also interacts with weather and local scale climate effects as well as the unsustainable

water uses and diversion leading to dramatic impact such as shrinking fresh water bodies so we see

that what's really going on so you can see those cases there as well

collectively these realities and risk have um

grave very very uh severe socio political economic

environmental and ecological implications so if such kind of things happen see

all other dimension it influences making better management and governance of fresh water resource and imperative so

it becomes very very essential for us to look into it

so now moving on we'll look into water and land use and how they are interconnected

so water and land use we also see that because of urbanization and agriculture

intensification so we are going on witnessing rapid urbanization and then we are also changing land use for the

agriculture purpose because we need food this issue about food security we are

changing the land use and eventually both surface water and aquifers are

depleting we are reducing those quantity

for the purpose we are also seeing wetlands are being drained

further we see that many rivers lakes and ponds are disappearing in water

scarce regions so we are also seeing completely disappearance of reverse lakes and ponds

so despite the environmental significance and associated support services

as we see that wetlands has lot of value wetlands have been subjected to

degradation for past many decades so we are going on losing them and we are the

condition is deteriorating as we can see in these images the present situation of atlanta and north india as they continue

to suffer so there are other interconnected problems

also which we see because of the land use change the surface hardening happens of the natural areas which reduce

infiltration and limits the aquifer recharge so all the aquifer we have it

limits their recharge as well at the same time increase water runoff and pollution so when we have increased

water runoff pollution we again face other kinds of problems so poor land

quality and loss of forest leads to increase runoff carrying eroded sediments through rivers into

oceans so we also start damaging the ocean and the rivers so large scale deforestation is also

increasing the chances of reduced precipitation and increase in soil erosion so as and

when we're going on changing the land land use we are using

cutting more of forest then we are increasing the charges uh increasing the chances of reduced

precipitation less of rainfall so uh that also increases uh increases

the chances of soil erosion we may note as per the report major parts of the

withdrawn water which we are drawing water is used in agriculture though agriculture doesn't comes in the

purview of eiei but you might be you need to know that major water goes into agriculture

in the range of 70 percent there is always conflict of water usage between

agriculture and industry and energy production so we see that they all are demanding

for water and water demand for energy and if you'll see the water demand for energy is much for

the purpose of non-consumption such as for cooling of these structure

the mechanism and so on so lot of water goes in that the interconnections

between water energy and security and food security have identified tensions so because

all of these need water and there is a trade-offs between them it

requires very careful considerations and looking into the matter this nexus

becomes especially important when constrained drivers such as urbanization population economic growth

technology and innovation so one needs to really look very careful into it and when you do eiea and then how any

kind of development how it is changing or how it is influencing ah these

conditions now let us look at the global state and trends of fresh water so we will be

looking at the trends now and the states affect certain facts here so first

looking at the state of water quantity in the global hydrological map here you

can see how aquifers and groundwater sources are unevenly distributed like we also talked

and talked before that we really the water sources are unevenly distributed across look at the

dark blue color indicating major groundwater basin in india you can see dark blue color over the himalayan

region so that region is rich in the water resource green color shows the complex hydrological structure

local local and shallow aquifer shown in brown dark and light blue polygons with

brown boundary are the surface water uh reflect while you see this reflect

how they are distributed and what kind of conflict and challenges it poses so

you can look at the diagram here so we further see that groundwater is the

major drinking water source and its major drinking water source for majority

of people at the global level particularly it is in the arid regions and during the

drought so one really uses groundwater heavily across the globe

so it is estimate the estimated available renewable groundwater resource in africa is said to be more than 100

times that of total annual renewable surface water resource but

using that deep aquifer water is constrained by the exploration as well as the cost which is

involved and if you are familiar with the water condition in africa you would know that water is there but still it

cannot be accessed or it's expensive to be accessed it's unsustainable to access

that water i have also provided you a link to a video where you can

learn more about the issue here in africa about the water resource ground

water resource so moving on now will be looking at

water withdrawals rate so in the following image we see global trends in increasing groundwater use so

shown in light green box online look at the increase in the groundwater usage in

india and other countries water demands varies across geographies and contexts

such as urban or the rural areas so how do we really consume water

varies culturally as for per the geography also as per the context also most of the water is used by agriculture

as we mentioned before as well and it consumes 70 percent of it so you

can see the global trend of increasing groundwater so groundwater use has plateaued so

there is certain level of stabilization in some regions but is increasing

elsewhere so you can see india here such such as in asia and pacific and west

asia about two-thirds of the freshwater utilized in

west asia and about 75 percent of european union inhabitants rely on groundwater for

drinking and groundwater use compared with the surface water has

increased substantially in the rate of 1.3 trillion

meter cube per year across north america so it's been extracted very heavily

so we further see that unap report 2012 report suggests that

it is because of increased agriculture groundwater usage that has caused

increase in depletion rates in major aquifers so because of this major aquifers are getting impacted inherited

in semi-arid zones we are mining some of the large aquifers in an

unsustainable manner by exceeding their long-term natural recharge rates so all

aquifers have their recharging rates so we have been exceeding those rates

further we see that the problem particularly in fact if you look at five of the world's seven largest aquifers

are in asia and the pacific and are over stressed so they have been used

extensively it is also reported that because of excessive groundwater

abstraction there is also sinking of the land area

in coastal cities such as we can see in bangkok ho chi minh city jakarta manila we can

see so i've provided you link for that you can see the image here of bangkok how the

sinking is sinking of the city is taking place and other cities you can see from the

suggested watch and readings over exploitation of an aquifer can also

impact wetland ecosystems so once we over exploit aquifer it can also

impact wetland ecosystem hydraulic fracturing

ah for like all the resources like oil and gas extraction they also

like impact the groundwater so access to groundwater may be further

limited to the climate change impact due to the rise in sea level so as and when

sea level is also rising due to climate change it's further um increasing the problem of access to

water groundwater most of the islands are experiencing increasing fresh water shortages so that's also happening

now looking at the problem of glacial retreat so we're going to now look at what's the glacial retreat

because of the climate change there is impact on the availability of water in the region around the world

in particular areas which are dependent on the melted water

melted water of the glacier so a lot of our area is dependent on glacial

water for example hindu kosh himalayas as you

can see in the image here this region is largely dependent on the

melted water melting water from 10 river systems such

as brahmaputra ganga indus

and so on you can see here as shown in blue lines and laser shown in pink

polygons so you can see that how this reverse system and then the glacier all

that provides water for us so hindi himalayas provides water to 20

percent of the world's population so it's a huge number what we are looking at huge proportion what we are looking

at here in this image you can see retreat of

calcium ice cap in peru between 1988

what you can see in the left hand side to the condition in 2010 in the right hand

side note how this no area is reducing pay attention to those areas at the

edges see the difference between the two studies show similar loss in tropical

glaciers in ants and european elfs also in central asian

glaciers large population and ecosystem downstream depends on the available

fresh water so ah i have given you the link to all these documentaries which

you can further if you are interested you can look at those now moving on will try to understand

what is scarcity let us see what we mean by what is scarcity water scarcity is

defined as less than when when it's less than 1000 meter cube per capita of

available renewable fresh water per year so that is when we say water scarce

so ah and excessive withdrawals are often caused by water scarcity so whenever

um we ah we are excessively withdrawing its

because there is less water so there is also a term so there is one

term which is what is scarcity but then you will be also you will familiarize yourself with another term which is

economic water scarcity it is used where storage treatment and

conveyance like the how to store it how to treat it and how

to transport it all those infrastructure are lacking so that then even though

water is there but it cannot reach to the people then we say it economic water

scarcity so lack of infrastructure combined with rapid population growth can lead to

economic water scarcity although there are debates on actual cause of water

scarcity so like what really causes water scarcity is debitable

in the image you can see global physical and economic water scarcity so you can

see the two here the blue polygon indicates the physical water scarcity when we really say as per the definition

what's the what is scarcity and the black polygon shows economic water scarcity

so you may note the difference here and you may see in indian context also what's how is the

variation here so water of appropriate volume and

quality is not always available at the right time or in the right place for specific use what is scarcity is common

throughout west asia and the asia and the pacific region and in arid parts of

africa like you had seen in the map latin america and west united states of america and the middle

east so it's it's like you can see it's widespread factors

like what really causes water resource stress ah

we see that it's the large population pressure of population then the

agriculture expansion as agriculture consumes most of the water and the

intensification variation in the rainfall how the rainfall is changing and then we also

see this very fast development and then increasing urbanization

industrialization as well as climate change so all of these cause water resource stress further we

see another problem that's desertification desertification is a pressing problem in africa's sub-saharan

region arising from climate change and internal migration

so that's also happening here so you see a lot of desertification happening

in the parts of developed worlds you see the desertification also happening in europe north america australia what is

scarcity is the challenge that is commonly addressed through large water infrastructure projects such as

dams in parts of the developed world we see

that in particular in europe north america australia what is scarcity is a challenge so it's

it's it's a problem that is commonly addressed through large water infrastructure projects so there are a

lot of water structure water infrastructure projects coming up such as dams long distance pipeline and

desalinization plants given expected population growth trends regions such as middle east africa and

asia need to address water scarcity in innovative and scale appropriate ways including

water governance rain water harvesting and water waste water recycling

and they need to come overly frog the conventional solutions of the past and they really

need to have innovative solutions to handle this

so that was about the state and trends of fresh water now we'll look at

concerns of the water quality so looking at the main human activities

uh water quality is also influenced by natural system but we are going to look at

primarily at the human activities that cause that

influences the water quality such as you have

population growth urbanization agriculture expansion transportation and

human and industrial waste so you see that how it pollutes the

water so pollution if you look at what pollution includes it includes pathogens

nutrients heavy metals and organic chemicals you can see in the snip of the table from the global

environment outlook the table shows water contaminants and their sources

these pollutants come from point sources point sources such as domestic

industrial or sewage pipeline ah discharge septic tank leakages or it can

also come from non-point sources so like land surface runoff from extensive diffuse

agriculture use and urban areas following rainfall and snowmelt events

so uh it is reported that water quality of many lakes and reservoirs is

particularly at the risk of extinction across the globe because of long water

residence time so water is very stable for quite some time and its tendency to accumulate

pollutants so that's why we see that uh the lakes are lakes and

reservoirs are at particular risk because it's it's stagnant water and it

has chances pollutants have chances to um settle in for longer time

so groundwater pollution sources include non-point agriculture and urban runoff on sites on-site wastewater treatment

oil and gas extraction and fracking activities mining and industrial sources

so almost most of this comes under the purview of eia so you would be learning about that

further that how it's influencing our groundwater pollution and what kind of

how you really need to evaluate that so further we see about the pathogens so

pathogens are major concerns causing water-borne diseases water-borne disease

continued to be a major challenge in many african asian pacific and latin

american cities and rural communities so you can review the scenario in the

same table you can see you may note that parasites can survive water body conditions for many weeks and viruses

may survive drinking water treatment as well so even if the water is treated it the viruses can survive that

so ah you may consider those things and see these from the facts here

further we see the nutrients let us familiarize ourselves with the term eutrophication utification represents

the natural aging process of lakes and wetlands

wherein they become enriched with nutrients so it gets more of nutrients

and sediments and becoming more biologically productive

usually over a long period so because of our activities

the nutrients loads can drastically increase

what goes into the water the nutrients would drastically increase and this process accelerates

speeds up exploration damages the whole ecosystem so because of

it getting rapid nutrients it damages the whole ecosystem and eventually reduces its usability for our activities

also it damages the ecosystem at the same time it reduces its usability for our activities and affects our

environment so algal blooms can turn water body opaque and green in color leading to

reduction in water what is oxygen content when algae die and undergo

decomposition so it also causes loss of oxygen and when there is loss of oxygen

then it ah is it kills fish life's life also in the

water some blue green algae species are toxic to toxic to fish and livestock and

affects our health as well studies also indicate a clear relationship between climate change and

eutrophication of leaks so in the image you can see the dead zone also called hypoxic

zone in the gulf of mexico because of nitrogen from midwestern united states

of america carried down the mississippi river with

which eventually decay of algae growth consuming

oxygen in the water and it has suffocated the marine life so it is said

to be the dead zone therefore there are nearly four times as many dead

zones in the ocean now as they were in 1950s so we are finding

more and more dead zones in the ocean including the mediterranean sea

so i've also provided you the link for watch if you are interested to see in

the image here you can see the model estimates of trends and the

facal coliform bacteria which are the group of bacteria that are passed

through the fecal excrements of humans like stock and wild life levels in

rivers and you can see um the difference in nineteen nineteen ninety two to two thousand eight and ten

look at the red color so you can see how is the spread of this

now moving on we will look at the other determinants of the pollutants here we see sediments

we um we see the issue of sedimentation which

happens from erosion of exposed soil surfaces

these eroded soil get deposited in basin through the throughout the world so it's

happening throughout the world including in africa asia and latin america because

of the land use change causing deforestation and unplanned settlements are major

causes of soil vulnerability to erosion so because we are

continuously changing the land use ah and causing deforestation ah there is a

issue about unplanned settlements so our soils are getting vulnerable to erosions

and storm generated runoff carries soil into the downstream water bodies so we

are also damaging the water bodies in the image you can see the tailing

sediment from samarko dam in brazil so you can see here

so you can further refer table for impact causes and fats you can see here

the contaminants and their sources moving on now we'll look at organic pollutants further looking at the

organic pollutants such as liquid manure severity affluence and sewage treatment sludge and so on um

biodegradation of these deplete bio degradation when biodegradation

happens these deplete oxygen concentrations so whenever these organic pollutants are

bio degraded they deplete the oxygen concentration in the water bodies and oxygen depletion leads to fish kills

and higher bio chemical oxygen demand bod when there is high body from

microbial decomposition these pollutant causes release of heavy metals from

bottom sediments back into the water column so you see the kind of damage that

happens so studies based on the model analysis

indicates bod concentrations increased in many parts of africa

asia and the pacific and latin america during 1990 2010 from because of the

industrial and domestic wastewater discharge and agriculture in an urban runoff with highest increase

in rapidly urbanizing and industrializing countries so that's happening more in

now urbanizing and industrializing countries body pollution is most

developed countries has significantly reduced with the

enhanced wastewater treatment systems so we also see synthetic organic pollutants

which include pesticides industrial chemicals and solvents and personal care and pharmaceutical products then we also

see persistent organic pollutants pops are particularly problematic because they do not

readily biodegradate biodegrade in the aquatic environment and you may note that these are used by

many industries in agriculture applications they can impact human health aquatic ecosystem

persisting in fatty tissues of human fish and other organism and accumulating

in sediments so in the image you can see anthropogenic total phosphorus loading

two lakes for five largest lakes by surface area in each of the five u n environments

regions so showing average percentage contribution in 2008 and 10 annual loads

you can see here you can see how much loading is happening from manufacturing agriculture and surface runoff and so on

so pay attention to those legend and look at the colors how it is distributed here so moving on further we see the

pollutant heavy metals we are also facing problem of heavy metal which are

used in industrial agriculture sectors water intensive mining and so on they

degrade the water concerns are serious in some asian pacific and south america african and

latin american countries they also damage plants many like mercury lead chromium

cadmium are toxic to human and aquatic organisms

so water pollution due to metals also has been reported uh to have occurred in

canada as well because of the sand tarts and industries so industries also

have a role to play here we see that the natural arsenic groundwater contamination in

south asia and other countries in asia and the pacific that's already there naturally but that gets further

aggravated with the with our activities of metal mining and groundwater abstraction you

may refer to the critical example of heavy metal contamination involves with the flint michigan case

so where the source of water had to be changed so now we'll look at another

component of water quality that selenity salinity happens due to increase in

quantity of dissolved minerals in fresh water from the land use change so it's

it happens because of the land use change agricultural irrigation drainage lake evaporation and sea water

intrusions sea level rise water abstraction so on and if access salinity happens

then it is unsuitable for human consumption so we cannot consume it and then many of the plants and organisms

have limited tolerance to salinity so salinity problems prevails in africa

asia and pacific and latin america and all this and then and it has been increasing because of

the industrial water uses saline water intrusion into coastal aquifers can

result from over abstraction and mismanagement as well as sea level rise so salinity

impact the quality of environment and as well as impacts the food security

there are now many emerging contaminants so you have seen certain of this few of them now there are many other emerging

contaminants such as human and veterinary pharmaceuticals personal care

products insect repellent so what all stuff we use you you may look at that

and also microplastics and manufactured nanomaterials so these all are new

contaminants we are seeing united states geological survey detected such contaminants in majority of sample

streams in u.s so you can see how what's the level of contamination in the image you can see

the model estimates of trends in biochemical oxygen demand concentrates

in river between 19 19 92 to 2008 to 10.

the red color streams indicate the increasing concerns scan through where

scans roots through the image and see where all you see the red color streams you can see here

so in the image you can see the source and pathways of pharmaceuticals and personal care products entering surface

and ground water you can see here how it's happening all the sources how they

are entering further we see plastic waste is another major concern microplastic are also

can also con can contain and absorb toxic chemicals electronic waste is

another concerns which we see because of the widespread abundance we have lot of

electronic waste and unknown risk to surface and groundwater quality so we still do not we don't know what kind of

impact it has so if you further see there are other groundwater quality concerns as well

which is important from eia perspective you see the groundwater pollution from oil and gas fracking activities which

are large quantities of chemicals and discharge large volumes of produced

water so that all gets into groundwater and also the byproducts of all these activities their range of products which

also which happens during the operations are also of concerns

ah we further see lake and acidification thermal pollution radionuclides are also problems here we

see now we look at the freshwater ecosystem so there is a continuing loss of

wetlands so we are experiencing loss of wetland examples of freshwater ecosystem

or inland wetland include marshes swamp peatland wetland forest rivers lakes

ponds and head waters all these are examples of freshwater ecosystem

and they provide range of functions so there is like it it does a lot of things

such as it provides it provides regulatory and supporting ecosystem services we'll also see all

these in the ecosystem services in the methods section where we study that so in the image you can see the status

and trends of the world's wetland and wetlands dis aggregated by region and

you uh look at the dark green line indicates the trend in asia

so you can see her how the wetlands are reducing and pay attention to the dark green line here so ecosystem services

for all wetlands types have been valued so it has i will also look at the valuing system

ah so it has been valued financially across and the value of its ranges from us dollar 300 to nearly million usd per

nine nearly nine million usd per hectare per year so you see the value which is

there peatlands are very important as they have a high carbon sequestration value

as they have high carbon sequestration value hence

they contain more carbon than all global forest biomass combined so you are seeing the image of the

world's largest tropical peatland in congo river basin containing an estimated 30 giga tons of carbon so you

can see here i have also given you the link to further watch you can see there are

issues of draining the peatland worldwide in the past past decade of

changing land use we are also witnessing biodiversity laws

studies indicate loss of flora and fauna because we are losing all these so that's also creating that wetlands do

have the capacity to filter and improve water quality however beyond a certain point of like the tipping

point of wetland can no longer regenerate itself we are also witnessing fragmentation of

rivers through because while we are constructing dams we are creating water diversion

with resultant wetlands habitat losses and degradation so while we are fragmenting it these all things are

happening this has significant impact so dams and reservoirs for water storage

and hydroelectric power are seen from different perspective so it has been used a lot but at the same time the

usages are also going down in recent year dam construction in industrialized

countries has slowed considerably many older dams are being decommissioned for

economic and environmental reasons and so

damn in in in dam remains highest in the

industrialized countries dam density nevertheless remains highest in the industrialized

so now looking at the impact of problems in fresh water uh it has impact on human health causes

gastrointestinal illness predicted change in hydrological cycle

with climate change may increase the environmental health related disease in the image you can see the morbidity from

diarrheal disease of all ages for females pay attention to the red color as shown by these

through the study here you look at the red color the most severe areas

then in the image you can see the morbidity from diarrheal disease for male so you look the color difference

how its different for men and women here

so it impacts the food security as well so that also we see and then furthermore we see that human

safety and security is also concerned degraded water quality physical and economic water scarcity and loss of

freshwater ecosystem services have significant impact on human safety and security so whenever floods happens

droughts happen it affects large number of vulnerable people with security and

there's also migration implications so uh that all what we saw summarizing

what we covered today we discussed about the importance of fresh water we looked into the climate change and fresh water

we looked at how the relationship between water and land use further we also looked at the global state and

trends of fresh water like what's really happening so that when you do eia you have a

larger perspective of the environment then we looked at we identified

different water quality related issues and parameters and then we discussed the state and issues of fresh water

ecosystem and we also looked at the impact what happens

so that's all for today and this was our references and our

coverage has been limited as per the scope and this of the subject additional resources to read and watch are provided

to you so you can look at all these suggested reading and watch here

thank you