L2

so let us get started

and the tidally struggle begins i don't know who struggle you are sar

freedom struggle so did you answer the questions

they were very easy you want me to discuss prelims question i mean

you have the solutions means question once i am done with the

factors that itself will form the answer for that means question if you want i will give a brief of it

like how to frame the answer okay and the question which you are going to get today it is pertaining to tomorrow's

lecture don't worry about it you can try answering but ah that is a

previous year means question and that requires that requires some element of

answer rating skill to frame the answer fine you cannot it is not a direct question unlike the

first class that requires some element of skill so we will discuss that

ok i will also teach you how to include diagrams or flow charts

in your answers especially the history answers because they look very monotonous ok

so let us get started

will you promise

is asking that is willing to meet you at any cast

today and if you delay meeting him today probably the arrival of gandhi will be

delayed okay so if you want gandhi if you want to meet gandhi at the earliest

you have to meet the moderates at the earliest ok so probably

today's class will run till we encounter with moderates

ok are you ready

fine lets go so this is a slightly will discuss few things

slight recap ok first we saw what was more unsure

modern education and western thoughts role of present literature expose of

economic exploitation understanding the true nature of british policies socioeconomic religious reforms

and unification of the country in terms of economic political and

administrative aspects and then rediscovery of the past and apart from this there are two more

things one is the influence of the contemporary global events and then

the role of political organizations so we will discuss all these things

today and last thing we were discussing was regarding the economic exploitation right

yeah i wanted to tell you few things regarding the economic exploitation please note down in the margins a few

facts

hmm

in 1700 in 1700 indian economy

contributed to almost 25 percent of the global gdp

25 percent of the global gdp in 1700 we were so rich

ok and we dominated the world trade being a single nation we were contributing to

almost 25 percent of the global gdp

ok but in nineteen forty seven

it came down to just four percent

you will understand the term gdp in the economy class as of now just think that if the entire

world that if the entire world

is having 100 rupees items worth 100 rupees india had 25 rupees that's all

fine that was that signifies the amount of richness and economic activities that

prevailed in india during the 18th century fine

and then 1947 it reduced to almost one sixth just four percent

just four percent and and with regard to the

per capita income per capita income whatever we income we had

in 1700 whatever income we had in 1700

more or less even after 250 years we had the same amount of income

you might have heard your grandparents or parents talking about the inflation when we were kids for one rupee

we used to get clothes fine and now

they wont even return one rupee chains to you if you go to showrooms

it is so insignificant you won't get even a chocolate fine

one rupee close to one rupee becoming insignificant but imagine

indians income indians income the level of their income it remained the same even after 250

years why not inflation

britishers exploited us we lost all the sources of income we remained very poor

ok you will i mean you will understand this better during the economic classes don't

worry

yes amount of i mean there was increase in the price levels fine one rupee

in 1700 could buy you one pair of clothes but in 1947 it could not buy you

a pair of clothes but still the income remained the same it indicates the poverty

it indicates the poverty you have one rupees you are earning one rupee 10 years ago and you were earning one rupee

now 10 years ago it could fetch you one burn at least now nothing

it signifies the poverty it signifies lack of growth and economic activity so at 1700 also we were same and in 1947

after 250 years also there was no economic development people remained poor

okay all these activities were because of britishers how how british's impoverished us what were the means of

economic exploitation

soldiers okay

in 1700 what was the major contribution of india to the world trade it was almost 25

percent what were the major items of export one

spices cotton clothes

indigo the gold we are not rich

ok even today we import gold these are the three major items of our

export and we dominated the world trade with respect to these items and to an extent

silk especially muslin

okay so these were the four items in which we dominated the through which we dominated the world trade when britishers when

britishers colonized us the cotton used to be produced in india

and there are two more items tea and coffee

when britishers colonized india they started taking cotton to

britain they had set up industries there

they used to process the cotton they used to produce clothes finished goods

and then they used to bring it back to india they used to

export the raw material and bring back the finished goods before that what used to happen this cotton used to go to

our handicrafts or cottage industries

which used to employ indians fine those who worked in these

industries they used to get salary and whatever profit

these industries made they remain with india because it is owned by indians and

everything like they used to sell the goods back to indians now raw material was exported

it was procured at very low prices procured at very low prices it was exported to the

in england and then they used to import the finished goods whatever

profit the industries made it remain with the people of england not to the it did not

belong to indians see the producer and the consumer both

are indians indians are producing the cotton indians are producing the indigo and indians are buying the clothes

only the industries belong to london i mean england and they are making all the profits

they are making all the profits so our wealth was drained towards england this is one

form this is one form second one

agriculture they introduce something called as land revenue policies

land revenue policies when land revenue policies were introduced britishers

used to impose the revenue rates that were very high in nature almost half of the produce if you

produce 100 kg of rice you have to pay 50 kg of rice as the revenue

the rates of revenue was so high that almost half of the crops has to be paid as the tax

and they also started they also started demanding the farmers to pay the revenue

in terms of cash before that we used to give the goods only

to the kings and all we used to give the goods only fine whatever we produce we used to give it to the king one third of the producer

one fourth of the produce we used to give it to the king but now britishers are demanding the cash payments

fine and if you want to pay the cash you have to sell your goods to some person

who will buy it a middleman or a rich person

or a merchant so obviously you will demand

you will buy the crops from you at lower prices fine britishers made us dependent on the

middlemen or the merchants because they insisted on the cash and at

the same time they increase the rates of revenue

it was almost one fourth now it went up to half of the produce

one they are paying very low prices to your crops they are procuring your crops being very low prices second one

they are imposing high rates of revenue ok and even when there is drought

even when there is floods you are supposed to pay full taxes even when you are unable to cultivate

the crops due to lack of rainfall or due to floods you are supposed to pay the full amount

of revenue there wont be any exemption ok

this was two means and third one was britishers

they they used to bring people from england to work in the higher positions for

clerical jobs they employed indians but for higher positions they used to bring the people from

england and from whose money their salaries were paid indians tax money

fine that is one thing so their salaries allowances all their expenses were made through indians money

and the fourth thing is they waste numerous wars they waste wars

against bhutan they waste war against afghanistan they waste war against myanmar

who paid the expenses indians it is to expand their empire and india has got nothing to do with it they

used indian soldiers they used indian taxpayers money to expand their empire

so all these forms of economic exploitation was clearly exposed by the

early nationalist leaders ok they clearly explained that how

india being one of the top most contributor to the global economy now

reduced to just four percent fine what was the reason for the decline of the economic clout of india or

economic activity in india all our industries they were closed down because they could not compete with the machine made goods

of the british industries they were hand made goods and making with hand it requires lot of

time and energy that is the reason the prices will be high

but britain they are very big industries large scale industries so they can manufacture it cheaply and

they can sell it at rates that are cheaper than indian handmade goods so our people

what will they out for handmade goods are cheaper machine made goods

cheaper so that is the reason our handicrafts and cottage industries they got closed

down and there were numerous kings in india numerous kings in india like the

kingdom of mysore nizam of hyderabad i mean bengal they employed a lot of soldiers

they had a huge army to maintain britishers they defeated all of them they disbanded

their army fine millions of soldiers they lost their job

they lost their job what was the occupation of lost resort

agriculture every soldier who lost lost the job even to

agriculture and every handicraft or artisan who lost the

job he also went to agriculture but agriculture was already suffering because

low prices exploitation by the middlemen and high revenue agriculture was already

suffering this led to overcrowding of agriculture over coding of agriculture and even

today even today we face the problems which happened due to this in india the per

capita land holding is very less just one point a test

average per capita land holding is just 1.2 hectares there is there is severe amount of land fragmentation

fine so because of the severe amount of land fragmentation there is increase in

litigations increase in litigations people are fighting for a piece of land

and that is burdening our judiciary and the economy as well so we have like even today we are suffering due to the

consequences of the british actions fine this legacy will not go away so easily

getting it please note on few points

right in the margins in 1700

robert clive is asking a question

even after 70 years of independence india's share of world trade is still

2.5 percent are the british still responsible 200 years of misrule cannot be like it

cannot be undone in just 70 years and today like the economic situation back then

and whatever is whatever it is today they are totally different back then the our only major competitor

was cheena even cheena has to export silk even cheena has to export tea

and it was only i mean it was one of our major competitor apart from that entire world it was dependent on indian

goods especially the western world on the cotton spices tea etcetera

ok the situation is somewhat different now while we were undergoing the

exploitation rest of the world they underwent industrialization

fine we were undergoing exploitation and de-industrialization but rest of the world was undergoing industrialization

they expanded their agriculture they expanded their infrastructure

they set up large scale industries but we have to wait till independence to

undertake all these things fine and even after independence the problems did

not go away the legacy of the canonism will always remain with india fine the wounds will always remain there

okay and even after independence do you think the magic wand will like there will be a

magic band with which you can cure all the damages or the scars no it cannot happen all at once

and after independence there were many policy changes inconsistency in policy making

in india and in the during i mean in the due course of our lectures

i link all those inconsistencies with the present circumstances fine i'll tell you the story of few

great leaders the world has ever seen today i think like we will discuss about

auto one bismarck and in the coming classes i will tell you about

napoleon bonaparte and you will also enjoy the story of

hitler the great fine slowly

link all these things and we will see that i mean see how these things are related to the

contemporary india see the history repeats history never dies it might be the story of a dead man but

it will repeat in its own form we will explore in what i mean in what ways the history is manifesting itself

in the present circumstances when i explain about napoleon bonaparte probably you will know

how history manifests itself again and again ok so as of now please write down

we told in 1700 gdp growth was at gdp not growth contribution to the

global gdp was at 25 percent i did not tell gdp growth was 25 percent

write down please give canada terms whenever possible

heartfelt request please meet me after the class

and people are asking for my telegram id

increase the font size okay

done write down

in 1700 in 1700 india's contribution

india's contribution

to the global gdp

india's contribution to the global gdp was

25 percent whereas

whereas by the time of independence

by the time of independence it got

reduced it got reduced

to 4 percent 4 percent

which clearly signifies which clearly signifies

the extent of deindustrialization

deindustrialization deterioration of economic activity

deterioration of economic activity

and manifest manifests

right within double quotes the development of

development of

under development the development of under development

think in order to understand fine

so let us move on to the next point

i hope this will all remain at the back of your mind understood

is it boring if you feel it is boring somebody is

somebody is relaxing as if he is sitting on a sofa at its own place ah

fine we will talk about the

hilbert bill if you like this

as per the see in india british has introduced ipc

crpc in eighteen sixties ipc crpc etcetera was introduced to

indians in 1860s so as per ipc indian penal code criminal procedure code civil

procedure code there will be uniformity of the legal system throughout the country

there will be uniformity of the legal system throughout the country for

example if you do the theft

as per the ipc section 420 you will be punished to

six months of imprisonment this is uniform throughout the india fine but before this

but before this india was under rule of

different kings different kings lets assume for example let us imagine

let us imagine during the times of during the times of

siraju dhola if somebody if somebody

like he snatches away something or he robs something punishment for that would be chopping

off his hands if somebody robs something punishment for the thief would be to

chop off his hands let's imagine shirazola followed shariat

law ok the legal system in bengal was different

similarly in delhi shalom shalom

ok if in delhi somebody robs something or steals something the punishment to him

would be three months of imprisonment okay that's all so this varied this varied

like the punishment and the the justice system it varied all across the india

there was no uniformity so britishers introduce something called as ipc and crpc so everywhere in india

fine the punishment would be same and they also clearly demarcated the

judicial system local court munshif and then based on the appeal you have to

go to the high courts supreme court and then privy council

you have to go to england if you have any appeal against the supreme court's

verdict ok they clearly highlighted the judicial irr also

judiciary also was clearly highlighted by the britishers and now

as per the system as per the system there should be

this also introduced the system of appointment of judges

fine there were two kinds of judges there were two kinds of judges

one indians another one was europeans

though the law is same though the law is same britishers britishers did not allow

indians to deliver the verdict in the cases related to

europeans if the parties belonging to the case are two europeans

if parties belonging to the case or two europeans indian judge cannot deliver the verdict in this case

even though he follows ipc even though he follows crpc indian judge cannot adjudicate the cases involving the

europeans whereas if the case is involving indians european jets can

adjudicate indian indian jets also can adjudicate see this is a case

where indian cannot adjudicate over the cases involving the europeans indian

judge cannot pronounce the verdict he cannot sit in this chair when the cases is involved cases involves europeans

so this is a clear case of

judicial differentiation or judicial what do you call discrimination based on

the racial grounds what is the difference between indian and european from different races that was what

britishers believed they thought they were from the superior race and indians belong to a inferior race so indians

should not adjudicate the cases involving the europeans ok even though they used to follow the

same book of law i p c c r p c c p c the same book of law was followed but

this was a case of judicial discrimination based on racial

grounds ok so ilbert there was one person called as

ilbert he was the law member

in there was a viceroy called as

lydton even today is called as the father of local self-government institutions

when he was the one who started the local self-governing institutions in india panchayats or municipal bodies he

was the one who introduced the local self governments in india ok

so in his council in his council or in his cabinet do you know what is cabinet right ok in

his cabinet there was a law minister called as ilbert ilbert he wanted to change this system

he wanted to change the system because it is based on racialism racial differentiation

so he wanted to allow indian judges also to adjudicate the cases involving the

europeans he wanted to allow indian judges also to adjudicate the cases involving the

europeans so he thought of changing the system

but but when the europeans in india got to know

about the proposed reforms by the ilbert they started opposing the

ilbert and hilbert was made to resign and

in this case in this case

in india there were many european forces one

british were there french were there dutch

portuguese everybody was there

they were business rivals they were trade rivals fine they are rivalries they had fought

numerous wars even in their homeland they are rivals but in india

when it came to indian versus european they all joined hands with each other

and they made ilbert to resign fine they are rivals

they are rivals but when it came to the issue of racial superiority they united

and they forced litten to i mean ilbert to resign ok

and this was the case where we clearly understood that unity of indians even indians are

divided over numerous terms numerous grounds based on caste based on region religion

even we are divided so if if you are able to put up an united front like this if you are able

to put aside our differences and get united against the britishers probably we can do something

fine this was a lesson to indians just like how europeans were able to set aside their differences and come

together in order to protect the racial superiority similarly indians can also put aside the

differences numerous dividing grounds which we have between us we can put them aside and we can come together and fight

against the britishers in a united manner right this was the lesson learnt

and it also clearly showcased the racial bias even though the britishers

even though the british they were propagating the equality the constitution is based on equality fine

even though they were propagating equality in india what did they follow racial discrimination

fine whatever they profess whatever they teach and whatever the practice they are different they talk about equality but

when it comes to india they talk about racial superiority what about the notion of equality

to the entire world they showcase that they are the champions of equality but here in

india they are practicing racial discrimination whatever they teach and whatever they practice they are

different okay even this thing was clearly understood by the educated indians some indians

believed in britishers for them it was a moment of realization they

understood the britishers what they preach and what they practice they are two different things

they clearly understood this and the second thing is with respect to

vernacular press act britishers they were the champions of

freedom of expression in europe they had free speech in uk they had free speech you could

express anything and you could write anything in the newspaper they were the champions of the press freedom also

but in india when the vernacular newspapers started criticizing their actions when the

vernacular newspapers started criticizing their actions especially the afghan adventure

when indians especially in bengal millions were dying due to starvation in

1877-78 he was busy fighting a war in afghanistan just to expand his empire that taught the cost of indian taxpayers

money fine where did the game get the money from it was indians money and they were

fighting the world to expand their kingdom when indians are diving due to starvation

and they held the royal darbar to proclaim the queen victoria as the empress of india and they spend millions

lavishly on that function when indians are dying due to starvation

so what did they profess in england they professed about welfare welfare of the people but what did they practice in

india selfishness selfish motives they just wanted to expand their empire

they just wanted to showcase their greatness to the world and they were using indian taxpayers money

so the educated indians they were clearly able to identify the differences between what they preach and what they

profess ok what they teach and what they practice

understood getting it ok write down

time to write

gilbert bill

this bill was introduced by this bill was introduced by

ilbert was the law member

was the law member in republics

did i tell you excuse me it was it is rippon sorry

rippance executive council

see they are two contrasting persons litton was against indians ripon was

very good towards indians okay i am sorry about the confusion it should be ripped

rippance executive council

okay gilbert was the raw member in the rippan's executive council he was

the one who introduced the bill and then this bill

next one right on the next point this bill was

aimed at aimed at abolishing the abolishing the

racial procedures racial prejudice

from the indian penal code indian

penal code

racial

prejudice from the indian penal code next point

the objective of the bill the objective of the bill

was to allow

indian judges and magistrates indian judges and magistrates

objective of the bill was to allow indian judges and magistrates the jurisdiction

the jurisdiction to try to try

british offenders british offenders

in criminal cases in criminal cases

at the district level

in criminal cases at the district level

and next point it met with it met

with severe opposition severe opposition

from all the european communities from all the

european communities and the bill was

withdrawn and the bill was withdrawn

next point

educated indians educated indians

understood understood the importance of unity

the importance of unity through this case

through this case comma

if europeans

europeans can come together europeans can come together

despite their trade and political

despite their trade and political conflicts

comma for the case for a case comma for a case

to uphold there to uphold their

racial superiority

tama why can't indians why can't indians

why can't indians come together

against a common oppressor against a common

oppressor by setting aside

by setting aside

the dividing the dividing

lines l i and e s by setting aside the dividing lines

in bracket you can write language

region religion caste

language region religion caste etcetera

okay point number two write down about vernacular press at

vernacular press act

when indian press when indian press grew critical

when indian press grew grew critical

of litan's litan's actions

l y t t o n littons actions like

like waging waging

second anglo afghanwar second anglo afghan war

comma second anglo of ganwar kama

holding royal darbar holding

royal darbar in bracket 1877

1877 despite the fact that despite the fact that

millions of indians millions of indians

were reeling or reeling were reeling

due to the

or suffering

reeling or suffering due to the

severe drought severe drought

especially in the especially in the

bengal region especially in the

bengal region where

more than more than 2 million people died

2 million people died out of starvation

two million people died out of starvation

fine next point next point in order to

in order to control the criticism

in order to suppress the criticism make it suppress the citizen s u p p r e double s

in order to suppress the criticism and to curtail

and to curtail the freedom of press

to curtail the freedom of press

especially especially

the vernacular press

vernacular press in bracket you can write regional languages

vernacular press lytton introduced

lytton introduced vernacular press act of 1878

vernacular press act of 1878.

in bracket you can write this act included

sorry this act excluded this act excluded

newspapers published in english newspapers published in english

comma and in order to and in order to

bypass the restrictions and in order to

bypass the restrictions of this act

of this act amrit bazaar patricka amrit

bazar patrika am rit bazaar patrika

switched over to switched over to switched over to

english overnight switched over to english

overnight who was the publisher

kishir kumar gosh right in the margins these facts are important for prelims

shishir kumar gosh

who was the editor of hindu subramanyam ayer what was the

other newspaper you published

what was the other newspaper published by subramanyam iyer

in tamil

in tamil hindu in english

and swadeshi mitran in tamil sudarak was a newspaper published by

whom sudharak sudharak

bengali was the newspaper published by

ok and right on the

next point

right on the next point see indians

many indian leaders we were demanding the inclusion of indians in the civil

services fine they were demanding the inclusion of indians in the civil services

fine britishers had something called as imperial civil services we wanted more indians to be the part of this civil

services but virtually it was resolved only for europeans virtually it was reserved only for

europeans because they used to discriminate against the indians and they used to find even the silliest

excuse to disqualify the qualified indians for example i told you the case of suryandranath banerjee

just on the pretext of his inability to ride a horse he was disqualified despite clearing all the stages he was

disqualified ok they used to find one silliest excuse

so why do we want more indians to be the part of civil services

yes indians they can understand the problem of the

native citizens better we will be aware of the problem we can understand the problem

and we can interact with the masses when we can deliver the services better

we can take the governance to the people we can ensure the welfare of the indian masses

for a foreign person understanding the problems understanding the root of the problems

understanding the grievances of the citizens and addressing it would be very difficult especially they will not be

knowing the language for indian it is an advantage fine not everybody who comes to you with

a problem will be able to speak english why not everybody who comes to you with a problem will not be able to speak

english that is the reason indian nationalists they were demanding

inclusion of more and more indians in the civil services

fine why to have the better governance fine in order to have the better

grievance reduction system in order to have responsive

administration ok what is responsive administration the officials

should respond to the demands of the people in kind

ok it is not about neglecting it it is about responding in kind

ok please write down but but you know what britishers did especially written

he decreased the maximum age limit

maximum year's limit to it was 21 years he reduced it to 19

years so if you are supposed to write the exam

you should be below 21 years this was a system now litton reduced it to 19 years

and if litton was the viceroy now would all be disqualified and this class

would not have been happening at all fine so just to make sure see what is

the age at which we get the graduation in india 21 at least 21

but if the minimum age sorry is the maximum age is reduced to 19 years will not be able to

apply to the examination itself leave about getting qualified will not be eligible to apply to it also

at least if you are in the final year you will be allowed to apply by upsc but in the present circumstances but as per

the latent rules will not be even allowed to apply to the examination will be disqualified from applying itself

not from not after get qualified you will not you will be ineligible to apply only

so this was to make sure that indians do not

get to do not get selected for such prestigious force

it was like they wanted to exclude indians from that prestigious post they did not want indians to be the part of

this they wanted all the higher positions to be occupied by the british

they want the entire governance of the country should be in their hands ok right on

next point third point under this when indians when indian nationalists

in indian nationalists were demanding an indian nationalist

for demanding for

indianization of civil services in indian nationalists were demanding

for indianization of

indianization of civil services litton

responded later responded

by decreasing by decreasing

the maximum age the maximum edge

to enter into the civil services

maximum age to enter into the civil services to just 19 years

to just 19 years in bracket from 21 years

to just 19 years in bracket 21 years so that

so that all indians all indians

all indians are virtually disqualified or virtually disqualified

from civil services virtually disqualified from

civil services

okay and

hilbert wheel was only with respect to the criminal cases

now with regard to the role of social religious reformers what role did they play in

like what role did they play in increasing or raising the sense of nationalism in india

social religious reformers

what was their role in the rise of nationalism how did they

contribute to the rise of nationalism our own culture

they got pride in our own culture if they were proud why would that

britishers to abolish sati or to promote widow remarriage

yes

rational thinking how will it contribute to the rise of nationalism

motivational ideas motivation like

scientific approach sound how scientific approach will help in bringing the people together

or increasing the sense of nationalism

yeah we need some unity that's right so how did they bring upon the unity

you are somewhere near

eliminating the points which were dividing what were the points cast sabas

and then literacy almost 90 percent of the indians were

illiterates how will they understand what is nationalism i will understand the absence of democracy i will understand

the absence of liberty i will understand the significance of freedom of speech

have nots what do you mean by that okay

anything else see

the social religious reformers

first thing is they talked about

rationalism they tried to eradicate the evil practices that existed in our society

they tried to reform our society sati female infanticide

discrimination against women discriminate untouchability

fine they tried to rationalize our society second thing

their major contribution was with respect to caste system

earlier as per the varanasi system sudras were disqualified from getting the education

but the early social religious reformers you can talk about ishwar chandra vidya sagar

jyoti bapule atmaram pandurang dayananda saraswati

all of them promoted establishment of schools jyotiva and his wife they set up numerous

schools especially for the education of shudras swami dayananda saraswati anglo

vernacular schools all over india for education of the children ramakrishna mission ramakrishna schools

for education of all the children fine they wanted

the dividing lines especially jyoti papule he always talked about inter cast

marriages intercast dining inter cast exchanges fine you wanted to melt

or remove the system of untouchability from our culture

fine he wanted to eradicate the caste system from our culture that is the reason he

promoted melting those dividing lines so he wanted inter cast exchanges like

inter cash marriages intercast dining so all those things ok so they wanted to

remove of the task system which is a major dividing line in the

indian society and they talked about promoting the education

only when the people get educated only when the people are literate they will understand the importance of

democracy only when the people are literate they will understand the importance of equality democracy freedom of expression

freedom etcetera only then they will understand if you are illiterate obviously you will not

feel any difference it does not matter to you whoever is ruling fine

so they wanted to educate the masses and this education helped in two things

fine when the people are educated obviously i mean this is what social religious reformers thought when the

people are educated obviously they will not practice untouchability or castism

when people are educated obviously they will not follow sati

all they will not promote female infanticide ok they will try to remove the social evils

because they can think in a positive manner in a rational manner in a scientific manner

okay they wanted to use education as a tool to reform the society

and this education this education was used by the early nationalist to propagate the ideals

to propagate the ideals of nationalism i told you that educate indians were

able to understand the differences between the indian and the western situations they had democracy they had equality

they had liberty but in india all of them were absent

for you to understand the difference you should know what is democracy first in order to understand democracy you

should have some basic knowledge and that was provided by the education institutions that was set up

by the social religious reformers okay and

try to identify the irony or the paradox in the indian situation what did the social

religious reformers think with the spread in literacy or with the increase in literacy they thought

the caste consciousness will gradually melt away from the society but is it happening

the caste identity has become stronger than ever fine

understood what was the ideal they were the great people they thought

when indians get educated they'll try to think rationally when they think rationally this is just a

virtual line fine the blood that flows through all our bodies are red in color why there

should be any we are all human beings these are mere virtual dividing lines it should not be

followed upon this is what social religious reformers thought but

today now something exactly opposite to whatever

they believed with almost 80 percent literacy

our affiliation to the caste is greater than ever fine many people find pride in their

caste ok explain about the arms act it will be

given in android do not worry caste is a ground reality of india even today yes

sir is it necessary to know about each and every reformer i will tell you when it is time there is one separate class

on social justice reform movements i tell you all the problems that india was facing and how

these people addressed what were the organizations set up by them what were the measures they undertook ok

so by reiterating that everyone has one god in different forms ok

ok eradicating all the evils

see there are two ways there are two ways in which

you can make your country great there are two ways

one you can build your country

you can build your country like how bismarck did

fine second one you can build your country like how

hitler did fine both of them they built their country

germany germany was in ruins it was divided by i mean it was divided among different

powers but the way bismarck unified it

and the way hitler expanded it they are different ok

whatever hitler did germany paid the price but whatever bismarck did

they enjoyed the fruits of it okay and i hope you all know that sardar

patel is called as bismarck of india but

be proud you can call him the patel of germany

because you can call i mean bismarck as the patel of germany because there are two

things one in germany in germany they had a

unifying factor in terms of race and language that one unifying factor german

race and german language but in india was it there

no bismarck had a task of uniting

50 to 60 provinces but what about patel

more than 500 fine third one

bismarck had the trust of his king william one

patel british has created all possible hurdles

for the task of patel ok we will know more about the patel's

achievements later but if you want i will tell you a story of bismarck

shall i you know this is becoming from like stretched even i feel bored to explain

these things so let us add some spice

who is the hitler of india i know the answer you are expecting

i would like to call him the napoleon bonaparte of india not the hitler hitler is different

i will tell you why in the later classes but today let us just know about bismarck

europe in 19th century

europe in 19th century there were different bosses in europe there were

stronger powers one you all know

british france on top of all

geographically just geographically not in hierarchy ok

geographically russia and then there was

astro hungarian empire ok and then there was one person

they were the power centers of europe in 18th century

but there was one person there was one person who changed the landscape of enter

europe is called as

napoleon bonaparte this was the order this was the order

this person he threatened british supremacy

fine pope he had some geographical region under his control

like italy some states of germany like it was given to pope

pope was religious said in order to satisfy his ego some provinces were given to pope so that you

can you can utilize the revenue for his well-being okay

so pope these were the five super powers of europe during the 18th century

in england there was industrial revolution people of england were getting prosperous every day they had

very big industries they were controlling an empire where the sun never sits

they control more than three dozens of countries fine such was their greatness their

prosperous i mean they were prosperous and they were developing in every aspect of life they were very rich france

even after the napoleon's time they had good industries even they were prospering

austro-hungarian empire even though they did not expand much

like the rest of the europeans they had enough resources they had very good industries fine the danish people even they came to

india so even they were somewhat prosperous

but there was one country or one region in europe

which had all the resources to become industrialized or to become developed but it was

divided across numerous powers fine it was germany

some part of germany was under the control of austria

some parts of germany was under the control of pope

and other parts there were numerous small small kingdoms

out of which there was one big province called as

prussia not russia fine

prussia they had all the resources

to get the industrial revolution done they are rain land fine

that very big river called as rain river and that area is very well known for

coal resources fine it is called like it is one of the greatest basins of coal

rhineland and then they are rural valley iron ore

that every resources to make the industrial revolution happen they add coal they add iron they had like

enormous manpower but industrial revolution was not happening and the people there they remained

backwards because it was divided and it was ruled over by different

countries austria was kind of a boss to german states

but this person napoleon this napoleon what he did was

he was expanding continuously it was expanding continuously and

he destroyed the papal supremacy like he liberated the

german states under the control of pope he liberated the german states under the

control of pope so now they were able to taste the independence

and napoleon nepali needed one more great thing he formed something called as

german right it is sort of the parliament they could discuss their issues there

and there was something called as delivering

economic union they could trade across germany without paying much taxes

so economic unification fine if you travel if you travel or if you trade

between different provinces you'll have to pay lot of taxes but delivering brought about economic

unification if you trade between karnataka and tamil nadu you need not pay any tax

or the tax amount will be very much less before it was there was greater amount of tax but after delivering was

introduced the taxes decreased so the trade flourished

people started trading more between the boundaries so they started becoming economically

integrated they started becoming economically integrated they started slowly tasting

the importance of economic unification fine

and there was something called as frankfurt parliament

you know what is parliament right yes or no

so if you have any confusion manjar will be upstairs so

now this was the existing situation and prussia was the bigger province

russia was the bigger province in among the entire german states

it was the bigger province see they had a pain what

they have all the resources but they are backward what was the unifying factor

german race and language fine

what was the dividing factor external powers

there were different external powers which was dividing

germany one was pope one was austria one was france why

france because nobody no superpower no superpower wants emergence of another

strong country in its neighborhood think about china

why it is trying to suppress india because it does not want another superpower another another

strong country which can challenge its legacy in its neighborhood fine

look at america do you think americans let another country raise to its riches in entire

north america or south america no americans will always imbibe some or the

other element of conflicts in all the south and north american countries so that that

countries will be party i mean busy fighting their own wars rather than focusing on the

development nobody will be able to challenge america ever look at the entire landscape north

america south america south america is always embroiled in the civilian strife like there will be

somewhere other kind of civil war going on in enter south america take about colombia venezuela bolivia

think about all the countries there will always be some internal strife

and america has a role to play in all the internal strifes fine look at mexico

americans will never let any country raise to stay their stretcher especially

in their neighborhood similar is the like this is not new to america this was a

oldest philosophy fine this was the oldest philosophy france did not want emergence of another

superpower in its neighborhood because emergence of another superpower will be threatful to its own greatness

if you want greater clarity think about chena and india china does not want india to grow to its level

that is the reason it will create numerous problems in the borders it will

give weapons and money to our insurgents in the north east fine it will pakistan to

fight with india fine it will create i mean it will make sure that india's neighbor

does not listen to india for example nepal

it was like our younger brother now not listening to us anymore

since times immemorial they were like our younger brothers we used to take care of nepalese very

well fine but now they do not listen to us anymore

because cheena or china factor they have given them lot

of money they think they does not lead indians anymore similar was the case with sri lanka also

they did not respect us they did not respect us our ties

they go to the time in days of ramayana ancient civilizational ties we had but

they did not respect us anymore so we did some operations now they started respecting us again

fine we made sure raja pakshas lose the election mahinda rajapaksa was the

pm there he did not listen to india we made sure that he lose the election

we spent a lot of resources my three palace came to power

i mean the candidate we supported he was the candidate he came to power and now rajapaksa says they lent their lesson

and now when rajapaksha won for the first time maintake the first country visited was

cena now his brother another rajapaksa won the election the

first country visited was india it indicates that lessons are learnt

fine now here even france they did not want germans to be united

russia was a big state and entire german all the small small german states they wanted prussia to

take the lead they wanted prussia to take the lead unifying the

german states all of them wanted to get unified but there was major external interference that is

austria did not want them to get unified france did not want them to get unified

no like as i told no stronger power will tolerate the rise of another power

in its neighborhood that is the reason they wanted germany to be divided forever

but now since the because of the frankfurt parliament because of the economic union

by the delivery and because of the german diet these german states they started interacting more and more

amongst themselves and they identified the benefits of unity they understood together we are stronger

we will be all of them us can cooperate with each other for greater development but in order to

ensure greater cooperation there were hindrances in the forms of external interferences

so all of them told prussia to take lead russia had a king called as

wilhelm and a minister called as bismarck

odawan bismarck so he told fine we will take the lead

but it will take some i mean it will take some time because without preparation you cannot

fight against the greater power okay he told it will take some time

so in the frankfurt parliament all these countries they passed the resolution they told

prussia should take lead unifying the german states

russia was happy that it got the status of a leader all the german states identified prussia as elder brother as

the leader russians were happy but austria was not happy

they called bismarck bhapali told see

if you ever try to unify or if you over act we know how to teach you a lesson

have you seen our army you know our power right we smart don't know sir we are not going to do any such

thing let them pass how many resolutions as they want sir but i am very loyal to you and not get into any such adventures

let them pass resolutions it's a mere waste of time sorry when i told them same don't worry sir

austrians were happy they signed a convention called us all moods convention he told we are not

going to do anything against the interest of austrians austrians were happy

but in their neighborhood in their neighborhood there is a country called as denmark

i think you know it and in the neighborhood of denmark

in the neighborhood of denmark there is a province called as augustemborg

there is a province called as augustenburg this denmark and augustine work

they are dispute over two regions ok

one is slice week another one is

palestine they were fighting for these two areas

since austria was a boss of the region austria was the boss of the region they called both of them

they called both of them and austria told a denmark

you duke of augustenburg don't fight i want complete silence in my neighborhood

ok these two will be the neutral territories don't fight for it i will take care of

it denmark told ok sir fine i will go away but it was unhappy because

slash slavic belongs to denmark and austrians told it is a neutral territory

which independent or sovereign country will tolerate that not possible denmark was dissatisfied

from within but seeing the military might of austria they told find sir we will not interfere

fine they went back even duke of august number it was a small country like our gova

okay so you even duke told fine sir we will not do anything excess

both of them went back but bismarck

he wanted to use the situation he wanted to use the situation

so now

he called the king of denmark he told crew are you frightened

i never seen such a covert like you sleswig is your province

what are you doing it belongs to you just because austrians told you left it

you should not do like it you should rule over it the people of lisbeth

dreams of your rule please don't diss them let austrians do whatever you want whatever they want

you take care of slavic even i'll help you if you want

denmark the duke of denmark or the king of denmark he was inspired ok

i will see whatever i can do so he captured schleswig

he told austrians don't you can't touch me do you think austrians will keep

quiet no it is a slap on their face in their neighborhood

some country is not listening to them their self respect is hurt

now they told we are going to wage a war against denmark

bismarck told sir i am always at your servicer and now denmark just like guru yesterday

you told and now

denmark versus austria and prussia denmark was austrian pressure there was

a war bismarck sent his army with austrian

army to defeat prussia to defeat prussia

sorry denmark sorry ok to defeat

denmark so denmark was a easy fall for them they could capture it very easily

they captured it and as a reward to bismarck's loyalty

austrians told hey bismarck you take this you manage this whole strain

i will give you holistic you manage this it does not belong to you but you have the rights to manage it bismarck told

sir thank you very much sir you are kinder than the god thank you very much

so at this point of time at this point of time do you know why bismarck sent his army

along with the austrian army to know the techniques of the austrian army he was preparing for a future struggle

he wanted to know the techniques or the tactics strategies adopted by the austrian army

and now he understood militarily he can strengthen his army more than the

austrian army second thing he understood that without strong economy he'll not be able to sustain the

war with austria so he started reforms agricultural reforms industrial reforms

he started setting up industries he started like expanding the infrastructure so he

gave a boost to their economy so that they can generate the resources they can sustain a war

war you need lot of resources strengthening your army you need lot of resources

so one way he started strengthening his army second way he started strengthening his

economy and on the third front he started strengthening his strategic alliances

fine once bismarck understood that his country is strong enough that prussian

army is strong enough to defeat austria russian economy is able to like it has the power or the potential to withstand

a war with austria he did two things one

he wrote a letter to france he wrote a letter to napoleon three was the king then

he wrote a letter to napoleon three sir i am going to do something

i want you to keep quiet napoleon three he wrote back napoleon

three was also a brilliant fellow fine he understood the natural target of prussia is austria

because prussia is the major threat for the unification pressure is the i mean

austria is the major threat for the german unification so we understood that the natural target

of prussia is austria so he thought

if russia and austria if they start a war if they start to work probably this war

will go on for a prolonged period of time so he can interfere in middle

he can interfere as a peacemaker and he can make some gains

fine he can interfere in the middle he can advocate the peace he can act as a peacemaker and he can make some gains

for himself so he wrote back to bismarck so what will i get in return

for my silence bismarck wrote back sir whatever you want

whatever you want similarly bismarck in his earlier days he acted as

the ambassador to russia so he had good relations with zars also

r however you pronounce it so you wrote a letter to

russians also he told same thing sir i am doing something i want you to remain silent

even russians knew what he was going to do russians told fine we have very good relation let it continue

he told the same thing now bismarck he occupied

all strain austrians were shocked

hey till yesterday you were so loyal to us you were bending your back in front of us today you were challenging us you were

standing stiffly and you were challenging us austrians called

bismarck bismarck told i am not reachable because i am already in the foreground

eat challenge austrians

fine austrians were shocked they could not digest it because

a person was very loyal to them whom they trusted who supported them in their war

is now challenging them now australians thought i am going to crush prussia

so that it will never ever dare to raise its heads again

i am going to suppress prussia with that resolve with that result they entered the war the war was fought in a

place called as sadova but was but bismarck

but bismarck he was a genius one he had clearly understood the

tactics of the austrian army he knew how to fight the war

he had designed all the strategies to counter the austrian techniques what did the napoleon three estimate he

thought that the war will go on for at least two or three months he can enter in between and he can

make gains but the prussian preparation was so like war

preparation was so accurate and was so meticulous that the war got ended in just seven week

war ended in seven weeks 49 days austrians were shocked and the person

who got more amin who got more shocked was napoleon three

he wanted to broker the piece and wanted to make the gains but now the war is over

in the glimpse of ice war is over napoleon 3 could not digest he wanted to make some fortunes for

himself but now he had that old letter of bismarck where he had promised

whatever you want so he wrote one more letter to bismarck

bismarck i kept my promise i remained silent now it is time for you to keep your

promise bismarck replied sir

even i'll keep my promise whatever you want he replied napoleon three

by this time the people of france were angry on the napoleon 3 because it was their traditional policy to keep the

germany divided and now due to the neutrality of napoleon 3

prussians was able to defeat austrians

fine the people of france wanted napoleon 3 to support austrians but he

did not because he wanted to enter the war in a later phase and he wanted to make

some gains war like unlike his expectations war got over very earlier which he did not

expect now there was popular pressure on napoleon three fine he thought

he want like he thought he can ask something which prussians cannot give

he can ask something which prussians cannot fulfill and later you can use that as an execute excuse and wage a war

against prussians defeat them and restore his glory he wanted to ask something to bismarck

which bismarck can never give some impossible demand and if bismarck cannot fulfill it he can

use that as an excuse and fight a war against prussians and vendava very easily and restore his lost nature or

glory people were criticizing him he wanted to satisfy all of them so

now he wrote a letter to bismarck and

he told bismarck the first thing i want is london

france being their neighbors were never able to capture london even

during the times of napoleon first thing i want is london

second thing i want is saint petersburg moscow

fine saint petersburg moscow can you attack russia and give the moscow to

france russians are not very strong enough to defeat russia and all they are not

strong enough to defeat uk and all but napoleon he was making some impossible demands

he was making some impossible demands because he wanted the inability of the bismarck to

provide him the demands as the excuse to fight a war against prussians so he wrote i want london i want moscow

i want india he sent let's send the letter to bismarck

now bismarck he understood what is the intention of writing such a letter

because napoleon three is not a fool and he's making impossible demands

can germans come all the way to india capture india and give it to france impossible can they capture london and

give it to france impossible can they capture moscow and give it to france highly impossible

[Music] even bismarck understood now what was the intention of napoleon three so what

he did was what he did was he took a photocopy of this letter

he sent one copy to moscow one copy to england

fine now he requested both england and moscow to remain silent

he told sir see this was the plan of napoleon you wanted to attack both london and moscow

somehow i got the information so now i will teach a lesson to napoleon i want you both to be

silent now both england and moscow russians they were angry against the france they told

bismarck do whatever you want we will remain silent

now now france napoleon

he called britishers see you people wanted to teach a lesson to that new guy bismarck right

so i am going to wage a war send your army immediately you dispatch your army i will show

i will teach him a lesson so british was told okay we'll send shortly we will send

fine and he also called zars of russia he told this new guy bismarck is acting too much

too smart send your army from the eastern end

so that i will attack from the west you attack from the east he'll be gone moscow at all fine we will send

everything so with the confidence of both their support napoleon wastevar against the

prussians in a place called as sedan battle of sedan and you know the result

this battle was won by the prussians within a week

they won within a week because bismarck was all red i mean all ready for their aggression it was all set he

just wanted the war and and

napoleon three and the people of france never forgot the humiliation they suffered in both the wars

the people of france never forgot the humiliation they suffered at the hands of prussians

and now bismarck had no external inference i mean interferences he had no obstacles he united germany and his

germany started booming they were able to challenge great britain they were able to challenge france everywhere in

the world fine and that was the reason for the first

world war there is the old